Results for "3-phases"

📘 Chapter 19: Blood – Full Simplified Study Notes (27 Slides) ⸻ Slide 1: Cardiovascular System • Cardiovascular system = heart, blood, blood vessels. • Blood’s job: • Delivers nutrients, hormones, oxygen, and chemical messages. • Carries immune cells to fight infections. • Why it matters: Without this transport system, cells would starve and toxins would build up. • Analogy: Like UPS + garbage service → delivers packages (nutrients, O₂) and removes trash (waste, CO₂). ⸻ Slide 2: Whole Blood • Whole blood = plasma + formed elements. • Hematocrit: percentage of blood volume made of cells. • Plasma: watery fluid. • Key properties of blood: • Temp: 38°C (100.4°F) → warmer than body surface. • Thickness: 5x thicker than water. • pH: ~7.4 (slightly alkaline). • Volume: Men = 5–6 L, Women = 4–5 L. • About 7% of body weight. • Example: If someone weighs 150 lbs, about 10 lbs of that is blood. ⸻ Slide 3: Blood Plasma • Plasma = liquid with proteins + solutes. • Proteins: • Albumins: keep water inside blood vessels (prevent swelling). • Globulins: antibodies → defense. • Fibrinogen: forms clots. • Other solutes: • Electrolytes: Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻ (important for nerves/muscles). • Nutrients: glucose, fructose, amino acids. • Wastes: urea, uric acid. • Analogy: Plasma = soup broth carrying salt, sugar, proteins, and waste. ⸻ Slide 4: Formed Elements • Red Blood Cells (RBCs / erythrocytes): 99.9% of all blood cells. • RBC count: Men = 4.5–6.3 million/μL, Women = 4.2–5.5 million/μL. • Platelets: fragments needed for clotting. • White Blood Cells (WBCs / leukocytes): fight disease. • Think: Plasma is the liquid, formed elements are the “stuff floating inside.” ⸻ Slide 5: RBC Structure • RBCs lose their nucleus & organelles. • Consequences: • Can’t divide. • Can’t make proteins or repair. • Only use glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism) → no oxygen needed for energy. • Analogy: Like delivery trucks with no engine shop → they drive until they break down. ⸻ Slide 6: RBC Lifespan • RBCs have no nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes → no repair. • Rely on glycolysis for energy. • Live about 120 days. • Must be recycled by spleen/liver. • Example: Like a disposable battery that runs until it dies. ⸻ Slide 7: RBC Shape & Function • Shape = biconcave disc (doughnut-like, thin middle). • Benefits: • High surface area → better oxygen exchange. • Can stack like coins → smooth flow. • Flexible → squeeze through tiny capillaries. • Analogy: Like a flexible frisbee that can bend and stack. ⸻ Slide 8: Hemoglobin • Main protein inside RBC. • Structure: • 2 alpha chains + 2 beta chains. • Each has heme group with iron atom (Fe). • Function: Iron binds oxygen → carries it around body. • Why recycle? Iron is valuable, so old RBCs get broken down to save it. • Analogy: Hemoglobin = oxygen backpack. ⸻ Slide 9: RBC Lifecycle • Starts from hemocytoblast (stem cell). • Branches into: • Myeloid stem cells: make RBCs + some WBCs. • Lymphoid stem cells: make lymphocytes. • Think: Hemocytoblast = tree trunk, RBCs and WBCs = branches. ⸻ Slide 10: RBC Production (Erythropoiesis) • Erythropoiesis = making RBCs. • Embryo: 1st 8 weeks = yolk sac → later liver, spleen, thymus, bone marrow. • Adult: red bone marrow only (vertebrae, sternum, ribs, skull, pelvis, ends of long bones). • Nutrients needed: amino acids, iron, vitamins B12, B6, folic acid. • Analogy: RBCs = cookies, bone marrow = kitchen, iron + vitamins = ingredients. ⸻ Slide 11: RBC Production Control • Controlled by erythropoietin (EPO). • Made by kidneys/liver when low oxygen (hypoxia). • Effects: • Increases stem cell division. • Speeds up hemoglobin production. • Blood doping: Athletes take EPO or reinfuse RBCs → more oxygen for muscles. • Risk: thicker blood → clots, strokes. • Analogy: EPO = coach yelling “make more RBCs!” ⸻ Slide 12: Blood Types • RBCs have antigens on membranes (A, B, AB, O). • Rh factor = + or –. • Plasma has antibodies (agglutinins): attack foreign antigens → cause clumping (agglutination). • Universal donor = O–. • Analogy: Blood type = ID card. If ID doesn’t match, antibodies attack. ⸻ Slide 13: RBC Summary • Know: • How typing works. • How RBCs are made. • What controls them. • Why they live 120 days. • How they’re broken down. • Analogy: RBCs = delivery trucks with expiration dates. ⸻ Slide 14: WBC Basics • WBCs = leukocytes. • Have nuclei, organelles, no Hb. • Functions: fight pathogens, remove wastes, destroy abnormal cells. • Only in blood briefly → then move into tissues. • Analogy: WBCs = body’s police force. ⸻ Slide 15: Neutrophils • 50–70% of WBCs. • Nucleus 2–5 lobes. • First responders → attack bacteria. • Use phagocytosis + enzymes. • Die quickly → pus = dead neutrophils + bacteria. • Analogy: Neutrophils = foot soldiers. ⸻ Slide 16: Basophils • <1% WBCs. • Release histamine (dilates vessels, causes swelling/redness). • Release heparin (prevents clots). • Trigger inflammation → work with mast cells. • Analogy: Basophils = fire alarms. ⸻ Slide 17: Eosinophils • 2–4% WBCs. • Stain red-orange. • Bi-lobed nucleus. • Kill parasites, respond to allergies. • Release toxic chemicals (nitric oxide, enzymes). • Help control inflammation. • Analogy: Eosinophils = exterminators. ⸻ Slide 18: Monocytes • 2–8% WBCs. • Largest WBC, kidney-shaped nucleus. • Become macrophages in tissue. • Eat large pathogens, dead cells. • Call fibrocytes → scar tissue. • Analogy: Monocytes = garbage trucks. ⸻ Slide 19: Lymphocytes • 20–30% WBCs. • Big nucleus, little cytoplasm. • Most live in lymph tissue. • Types: • T cells: attack infected cells. • B cells: make antibodies. • NK cells: kill cancer/virus cells. • Analogy: Lymphocytes = special forces. ⸻ Slide 20: WBC Production • From hemocytoblasts. • Myeloid stem cells: all except lymphocytes. • Lymphoid stem cells: lymphocytes. • Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSFs): • M-CSF = monocytes. • G-CSF = granulocytes. • GM-CSF = granulocytes + monocytes. • Multi-CSF = RBCs + WBCs + platelets. • Analogy: CSFs = managers assigning jobs. ⸻ Slide 21: Platelets • Fragments of cells, no nucleus. • Lifespan = 9–12 days. • Removed by spleen. • 2/3 stored for emergencies. • Analogy: Platelets = emergency patch kits. ⸻ Slide 22: Platelet Functions 1. Release clotting chemicals. 2. Form platelet plug at damage site. 3. Contract (actin + myosin) → shrink clot, close wound. • Analogy: Platelets = patch team pulling duct tape tight. ⸻ Slide 23: Hemostasis • Definition: stopping bleeding. • 3 phases: vascular, platelet, coagulation. • Analogy: Like fixing a leaking pipe step by step. ⸻ Slide 24: Vascular Phase • Vessel wall contracts (vascular spasm). • Endothelial cells: • Expose basement membrane. • Release endothelins → stimulate contraction/healing. • Become sticky → platelets attach. • Analogy: Pinch a hose to slow the leak. ⸻ Slide 25: Platelet Phase • Platelets stick to exposed collagen. • Form platelet plug (15 sec after injury). • Release chemicals: ADP, thromboxane A₂, serotonin, Ca²⁺, PDGF. • Feedback prevents over-clotting. • Analogy: Like putting your hand over a hole until repair arrives. ⸻ Slide 26: Coagulation Phase • Chain reaction of clotting factors. • Fibrinogen → fibrin (forms net). • Common pathway: 1. Factor X → prothrombinase. 2. Prothrombin → thrombin. 3. Fibrinogen → fibrin. • Clot retraction pulls vessel edges together. • Analogy: Casting a fishing net over the leak. ⸻ Slide 27: Fibrinolysis & Clotting Needs • Fibrinolysis: clot dissolves after healing. • t-PA → activates plasminogen → plasmin → digests fibrin. • Requirements for clotting: • Calcium (Ca²⁺): needed in all clotting steps. • Vitamin K: liver makes clotting factors; comes from food + gut bacteria. • Deficiency = bleeding problems. • Analogy: Once pipe is repaired, cut away the net (clot)

3 - Phases and Gases

3 phases of pregnancy

Science Final: Kaelyn & Alan - PT. 3) Phases of the Moon

3 phases of stress

Lesson 3: PHASES AND STRATEGIES OF READING ACADEMIC TEXTS

Nicolaus Copernicus • Made Heliocentric Theory- Star, the earth and other planets rotate around the sun Galileo Galilei • Built telescope • Proved the heliocentric theory • Faced inquisition and recanted his work Issac Newton • Made Law of Universal Gravitation •  All physical object are affected equally by the same forces • The same forces rule the motion of the planets and all matter in earth and space Rene Descartes • Wrote “discourse on method” • Made his own scientific method- scientific study should be done using deductive reasoning to test hypothesis Enlightenment- Stressed reason and thought and the power of individual to solve problems  Philosophes • The 5 concepts of their core belief were reason, nature, happiness, progress and liberty Thomas Hobbes • Convinced people were naturally selfish and wicked • Felt governments were needed to keep order  • Like the idea of the social contract Social Contract • Strong government is needed to keep citizens under control • People gave up rights to a strong leader in exchange for law and order • Hobbes felt that an absolute monarchy was the best form of government  John Locke • Believed people could learn from  experience and improvement of himself • They had the natural ability to govern their own affairs and look after the welfare of society • Believed in everyone is born with natural rights of life liberty and property • Gov is based on the consent of the governed • Believed government had the responsibility to provide these rights and people had the power to overthrow it Natural Rights- Everyone is born with basic rights that nobody (monarchy) can take Voltaire • Used satire • Targeted the clergy, upper class and government  • Fought for tolerance, freedom of religion belief and freedom of speech Montesquieu • Believed in Separation of Power because would keep any individual from gaining total control • Executive: British king and his minster • Legislative: Parliament • Judicial: The judges Rousseau • Believed civilization corrupts people's natural goodness • Wrote the “Social Contract” • Government wa an agreement among free india; to create a society and government (NOT AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN PEOPLE AND GOVERNMENT) WOMEN IN ENLIGHTENMENT • Philosophes took a traditional view on the role of women • Rousseau believed a woman’s education should be to prepare her to be a wife and mother • Other males scolded women for reading, that it could cause wickedness • Wealthy women held social gatherings called salons to spread the ideas of the enlightenment Mary Wollstonecraft • argued in favor of educating women, urged women to enter male dominated fields  ROYALS
Fredrick ll of Prussia • Granted religious tolerance • Reduced the amount of torture • Allowed freedom from the press Catherine the Great of Russia • Created national school system • Brought in all nobles and townspeople for convention on how to improve russia and modernize it The Old regime- a system of feudalism left over from the middle ages THREE ESTATES The First Estate  • Roman catholic church • Owned 10% of the land • Paid 2% f their income to government Second estate • Nobility • 2% f population • Owned 20% of the land • Paid almost no tax The Third Estate • 98% of the population Bourgeoise • Merchants,doctors and professionals • Well educated and wealthy • Believed strongly in the enlightenment ideals of liberty and equality  Workers • cooks, servants, factory workers, and etc • Paid low wages and were often out of work\ Peasants • 80% of population •  paid half of their income to the nobles,church and to the king  Start of revolution Factors leading to revolution- resentment of the first and second estate Legacy of the enlightenment • People were willing to question longstanding notions about society  Economic woes • High taxes and increase in cost of living • Bad weather leading to crop failures • Government debt Louis VI and Marie Antoinette • Lovis had been forced to call a meeting of the Estates General to get approval for tax reform  • Third estate, has little voice • Third estate created a new body to pass laws and reforms in the name of the French people • end of the absolute monarchy and beginning of representatives government. Tennis Court Oath • National Assembly was locked out of their chambers  • Broke into the indoor tennis court, signed a pledge that they would remain there until they’d written a new constitution  Storming of Bastille • in 1789 • Rumors spread that the kings was bringing Swiss Guards to paris to put down unrest • Bastille was a prison and an arsenal in Paris The Great Fear • Peasants took arms against the nobles  • People marched on versailles demanding that the royal family be brought to paris where they coil be closely observed  Revolution Terror and Empire The Jacobins • A radical political group • Called for “five or six” hundred head cut off to rid france of the enemies of the Revolution • Found Louis XVI guilty for treason and had him guillotine Maximilien Robespierre • Led the jacobins in the effort to rid france of all trace of monarchy and nobility • Gathered enough power to rule france in the style of a dictator  The Reign of Terror • Revolutionary courts sent thousands to their death for the crime of being an enemy of state  • 85% of the executed were peasants or urban poor n • Placed powerThe terror ended with execution of Robespierre himself  Napoleon Start of Napolean  • the death of Robespierre ended the terror • They were looking for stability • New  Constitution in upper middle class • Appointed napoleon to command france armies COUP D’ETAT • By 1799 the director had lost control • Napoleon quickly assumed dictatorial power as the first consul of the French Republic  New Economy and Faith • Set up a fair tax code and national band • Fired corrupt official and appointed new ones  • Created public schools Napoleanic Code • Uniform set of laws that brought stability eliminated injustices • Women lost rights • Freedom of speech restricted • Slavery was restored Church and Government • Rejected church control on national affairs and allowed govt to appoint church leaders Rebellion of Saint Dominque • Loss of his colonies napoleon gave up the idea of having a empire in the new world Louisiana Purchase • Sell claim to North America to raise cash Napoleon Power over eEurope • Napoleon crushed all enemies in europe • By 1810 Napoleon indirectly control almost all europe Invasion on russia  • Napoleon decided to invade russia with 2 million soldiers • Napoleon pursued russians toward capital russians burned everything behind them • Napoleon retreated leaving  with 10000 left End of napoleon • gave up the thrown • Was given a small pension and sent on the island of Elba Hundred days • Napoleon named emperor • Powers of europe were not going to let it happen • Waterloo War and French loss Final Exile • St. Helena- A remote island in the South Atlantic  Haitian Revolution Haiti • Became the second independent nation state in western Hemisphere • Site of largest successful slave revolt in history Saint Dominque (haiti) • The richest french colony • 40% of the worlds sugar and 60% of the coffee Grand Blances • Wealthy plantation owner • Merchants and lawyer • Held political power Petite Blances •  Poor whites • Little political power Gens de Couleur Libres • Free people of color, many of mixed race • Their political power varied according to the land they owned and the wealth they controlled • In contention with the petits blancs Slaves • Extremely harsh treatment of slaves caused high mortality and low fertility rates • Led to constant importation of slaves from Africa (40,000/year) People in Saint Domingue heard of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and revolution in France The Haiti Revolution  • The National Assembly gave full citizenship based on property and wealth instead of race • Fighting began between the petits blancs and the gens de couleur • Slaves across plantations joined together and the rebellion spread across the colony Spain and Britain attempted to weaken French presence on the island French Abolish Slavery Revolutionary armies in Haiti join with French to fight against the British and Spanish Toussaint Louverture • Organized and led slave rebellions • As governor • Constitution of 1801 • Abolished slavery • Santo Domingo remains French • Toussaint Louverture = Governor General for life Napoleon sent an Army to Reconquer St. Domingue • Massive French casualties • Haitian Independence, 1804 ◦ Jean Jacques Dessaline ▪ Lead Haitian revolutionaries to victories over French troops ▪ Dessalines declared emperor  Latin American Revolutions  Roots of the Revolution • Rigid social structure • Ideas of the Enlightenment and other revolutions Gradual weakening of the Spanish Empire Social hierarchy  • Peninsulares ◦ Colonist who were born in Spain or Portugal • Creoles ◦ Colonists born in the Americas of ethnic Spanish or Portuguese descent • Mestizo ◦ Colonists born in the Americas to ethnically European and Native American parents Spanish South America • Local Juntas (government) of Creoles declare independence from Spain • Peninsulares rally support for the Spanish crown Simón Bolívar • Creole • Liberal / Conservative, wanted to keep the social order, just with Creoles in charge • Eventually supported abolition of slavery to gain more troops • Bolivar’s army defeats loyalists in the North and moves south towards Peru José de San Martín • Peninsulare • Victorious in the South pushes North towards Peru Guayaquil Conference • Bolivar declared head of revolution, San Martin retires Final Independence and Outcome • Ideal of creating united Spanish South America • Bolivar elected president • Limited Democracies formed in new nations • Caudillos (A military or political leader) ◦ Local strongmen come to power • Slavery abolished, but issues of race remain Brazil • King Joao VI flees Portugal and sets up court in Brazil, goes home in 1821 • Prince Pedro left in charge of Brazil Independance • Brazilians noticed revolutions in Spanish colonies • Resentment of Portuguese economic power and social system • Pedro I declared emperor of independent Brazil Pedro I • Emperor  • Opposed slavery • Attempts to limit slavery result in Pedro abdicating (resigning) • Slavery continues in Brazil until 1888 • Last emperor Pedro II overthrown in 1889 Mexico • Creoles want to rebel against the king, Peninsulares loyal and brutally enforce their power • Severe food shortages and inflation • 3 phases in revolution Phase 1 • Mestizo and Native Americans see all rich white Mexicans as the problem • Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, creole ◦ Leads a ragged army ◦ Hidalgo and rebels defeated by united Peninsulares and Creoles, Hidalgo executed Phase 2 • Jose Maria Morelos takes over • Declares independence, and writes constitution • Defeated and executed by loyalists Phase 3 • Spanish King forced to give up some power • Guerrilla rebels team up with Loyalist soldiers and declare independence • Mexico becomes independent republic in 1823 Outcomes • Revolutions leaves Mexico in disarray • Central America break off • Caudillo  ◦ Antonio Santa Anna comes to power • 1848 loss off 55% of Mexico to the US in Mexican American War

Scientific Revolution- Thought about the natural world based on careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs  Nicolaus Copernicus • Made Heliocentric Theory- Star, the earth and other planets rotate around the sun Galileo Galilei • Built telescope • Proved the heliocentric theory • Faced inquisition and recanted his work Issac Newton • Made Law of Universal Gravitation •  All physical object are affected equally by the same forces • The same forces rule the motion of the planets and all matter in earth and space Rene Descartes • Wrote “discourse on method” • Made his own scientific method- scientific study should be done using deductive reasoning to test hypothesis Enlightenment- Stressed reason and thought and the power of individual to solve problems  Philosophes • The 5 concepts of their core belief were reason, nature, happiness, progress and liberty Thomas Hobbes • Convinced people were naturally selfish and wicked • Felt governments were needed to keep order  • Like the idea of the social contract Social Contract • Strong government is needed to keep citizens under control • People gave up rights to a strong leader in exchange for law and order • Hobbes felt that an absolute monarchy was the best form of government  John Locke • Believed people could learn from  experience and improvement of himself • They had the natural ability to govern their own affairs and look after the welfare of society • Believed in everyone is born with natural rights of life liberty and property • Gov is based on the consent of the governed • Believed government had the responsibility to provide these rights and people had the power to overthrow it Natural Rights- Everyone is born with basic rights that nobody (monarchy) can take Voltaire • Used satire • Targeted the clergy, upper class and government  • Fought for tolerance, freedom of religion belief and freedom of speech Montesquieu • Believed in Separation of Power because would keep any individual from gaining total control • Executive: British king and his minster • Legislative: Parliament • Judicial: The judges Rousseau • Believed civilization corrupts people's natural goodness • Wrote the “Social Contract” • Government wa an agreement among free india; to create a society and government (NOT AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN PEOPLE AND GOVERNMENT) WOMEN IN ENLIGHTENMENT  • Philosophes took a traditional view on the role of women • Rousseau believed a woman’s education should be to prepare her to be a wife and mother • Other males scolded women for reading, that it could cause wickedness • Wealthy women held social gatherings called salons to spread the ideas of the enlightenment Mary Wollstonecraft • argued in favor of educating women, urged women to enter male dominated fields  ROYALS
Fredrick ll of Prussia • Granted religious tolerance • Reduced the amount of torture • Allowed freedom from the press Catherine the Great of Russia • Created national school system • Brought in all nobles and townspeople for convention on how to improve russia and modernize it FRENCH REVOLUTION The Old regime- a system of feudalism left over from the middle ages THREE ESTATES The First Estate  • Roman catholic church • Owned 10% of the land • Paid 2% f their income to government Second estate • Nobility • 2% f population • Owned 20% of the land • Paid almost no tax The Third Estate • 98% of the population Bourgeoise • Merchants,doctors and professionals • Well educated and wealthy • Believed strongly in the enlightenment ideals of liberty and equality  Workers • cooks, servants, factory workers, and etc • Paid low wages and were often out of work\ Peasants • 80% of population •  paid half of their income to the nobles,church and to the king  Start of revolution Factors leading to revolution- resentment of the first and second estate Legacy of the enlightenment • People were willing to question longstanding notions about society  Economic woes • High taxes and increase in cost of living • Bad weather leading to crop failures • Government debt Louis VI and Marie Antoinette • Lovis had been forced to call a meeting of the Estates General to get approval for tax reform  • Third estate, has little voice • Third estate created a new body to pass laws and reforms in the name of the French people • end of the absolute monarchy and beginning of representatives government. Tennis Court Oath • National Assembly was locked out of their chambers  • Broke into the indoor tennis court, signed a pledge that they would remain there until they’d written a new constitution  Storming of Bastille • in 1789 • Rumors spread that the kings was bringing Swiss Guards to paris to put down unrest • Bastille was a prison and an arsenal in Paris The Great Fear • Peasants took arms against the nobles  • People marched on versailles demanding that the royal family be brought to paris where they coil be closely observed  Revolution Terror and Empire The Jacobins • A radical political group • Called for “five or six” hundred head cut off to rid france of the enemies of the Revolution • Found Louis XVI guilty for treason and had him guillotine Maximilien Robespierre • Led the jacobins in the effort to rid france of all trace of monarchy and nobility • Gathered enough power to rule france in the style of a dictator  The Reign of Terror • Revolutionary courts sent thousands to their death for the crime of being an enemy of state  • 85% of the executed were peasants or urban poor n • Placed powerThe terror ended with execution of Robespierre himself  Napoleon Start of Napolean  • the death of Robespierre ended the terror • They were looking for stability • New  Constitution in upper middle class • Appointed napoleon to command france armies COUP D’ETAT • By 1799 the director had lost control • Napoleon quickly assumed dictatorial power as the first consul of the French Republic  New Economy and Faith • Set up a fair tax code and national band • Fired corrupt official and appointed new ones  • Created public schools Napoleanic Code • Uniform set of laws that brought stability eliminated injustices • Women lost rights • Freedom of speech restricted • Slavery was restored Church and Government • Rejected church control on national affairs and allowed govt to appoint church leaders Rebellion of Saint Dominque • Loss of his colonies napoleon gave up the idea of having a empire in the new world Louisiana Purchase • Sell claim to North America to raise cash Napoleon Power over eEurope • Napoleon crushed all enemies in europe • By 1810 Napoleon indirectly control almost all europe Invasion on russia  • Napoleon decided to invade russia with 2 million soldiers • Napoleon pursued russians toward capital russians burned everything behind them • Napoleon retreated leaving  with 10000 left End of napoleon • gave up the thrown • Was given a small pension and sent on the island of Elba Hundred days • Napoleon named emperor • Powers of europe were not going to let it happen • Waterloo War and French loss Final Exile • St. Helena- A remote island in the South Atlantic  Haitian Revolution Haiti • Became the second independent nation state in western Hemisphere • Site of largest successful slave revolt in history Saint Dominque (haiti) • The richest french colony • 40% of the worlds sugar and 60% of the coffee Grand Blances • Wealthy plantation owner • Merchants and lawyer • Held political power Petite Blances •  Poor whites • Little political power Gens de Couleur Libres • Free people of color, many of mixed race • Their political power varied according to the land they owned and the wealth they controlled • In contention with the petits blancs Slaves • Extremely harsh treatment of slaves caused high mortality and low fertility rates • Led to constant importation of slaves from Africa (40,000/year) People in Saint Domingue heard of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and revolution in France The Haiti Revolution  • The National Assembly gave full citizenship based on property and wealth instead of race • Fighting began between the petits blancs and the gens de couleur • Slaves across plantations joined together and the rebellion spread across the colony Spain and Britain attempted to weaken French presence on the island French Abolish Slavery Revolutionary armies in Haiti join with French to fight against the British and Spanish Toussaint Louverture • Organized and led slave rebellions • As governor • Constitution of 1801 • Abolished slavery • Santo Domingo remains French • Toussaint Louverture = Governor General for life Napoleon sent an Army to Reconquer St. Domingue • Massive French casualties • Haitian Independence, 1804 ◦ Jean Jacques Dessaline ▪ Lead Haitian revolutionaries to victories over French troops ▪ Dessalines declared emperor  Latin American Revolutions  Roots of the Revolution • Rigid social structure • Ideas of the Enlightenment and other revolutions Gradual weakening of the Spanish Empire Social hierarchy  • Peninsulares ◦ Colonist who were born in Spain or Portugal • Creoles ◦ Colonists born in the Americas of ethnic Spanish or Portuguese descent • Mestizo ◦ Colonists born in the Americas to ethnically European and Native American parents Spanish South America • Local Juntas (government) of Creoles declare independence from Spain • Peninsulares rally support for the Spanish crown Simón Bolívar • Creole • Liberal / Conservative, wanted to keep the social order, just with Creoles in charge • Eventually supported abolition of slavery to gain more troops • Bolivar’s army defeats loyalists in the North and moves south towards Peru José de San Martín • Peninsulare • Victorious in the South pushes North towards Peru Guayaquil Conference • Bolivar declared head of revolution, San Martin retires Final Independence and Outcome • Ideal of creating united Spanish South America • Bolivar elected president • Limited Democracies formed in new nations • Caudillos (A military or political leader) ◦ Local strongmen come to power • Slavery abolished, but issues of race remain Brazil • King Joao VI flees Portugal and sets up court in Brazil, goes home in 1821 • Prince Pedro left in charge of Brazil Independance • Brazilians noticed revolutions in Spanish colonies • Resentment of Portuguese economic power and social system • Pedro I declared emperor of independent Brazil Pedro I • Emperor  • Opposed slavery • Attempts to limit slavery result in Pedro abdicating (resigning) • Slavery continues in Brazil until 1888 • Last emperor Pedro II overthrown in 1889 Mexico • Creoles want to rebel against the king, Peninsulares loyal and brutally enforce their power • Severe food shortages and inflation • 3 phases in revolution Phase 1 • Mestizo and Native Americans see all rich white Mexicans as the problem • Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, creole ◦ Leads a ragged army ◦ Hidalgo and rebels defeated by united Peninsulares and Creoles, Hidalgo executed Phase 2 • Jose Maria Morelos takes over • Declares independence, and writes constitution • Defeated and executed by loyalists Phase 3 • Spanish King forced to give up some power • Guerrilla rebels team up with Loyalist soldiers and declare independence • Mexico becomes independent republic in 1823 Outcomes • Revolutions leaves Mexico in disarray • Central America break off • Caudillo  ◦ Antonio Santa Anna comes to power • 1848 loss off 55% of Mexico to the US in Mexican American War

Digestion - 3 phases of gastric control

3 Phases of drug action

3 Phases of drug action

Topic 3 Lesson 3: Phases & Eclipses Vocabulary

3.Phases of business

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Unit 1- Thermodynamics