• Dynamic equilibrium is when chemicals are reacting on a molecular scale but do not change in concentration

  • When a reaction begins, the reactants decrease and the products increase. When equilibrium is reached, the reaction does not stop occurring, but the concentrations of products and reactants remain the same.

• Chemical equilibrium concepts are used to describe the compounds

The Equilibrium Expression

• The equilibrium concentrations are dependent on the initial concentration of the reactants. Different initial concentrations cause different equilibrium concentrations

• Equilibrium expression is always followed no matter the initial concentration.

  • When you multiply the product concentrations and divide that value by all of the reactant concentrations multiplied together, you will obtain the equilibrium constant, K.

  • Equilibrium constant depends on the specific reaction and temperature when equilibrium is reached

• K is the equilibrium constant symbol and can be specified with different subscripts

  • Kc is equilibrium constant when concentration is in Molarity

  • Kp is when partial pressure of gasses represents reactant and product

  • Ksp is solubility product

  • Ka is acid ionization constant

  • Kb is base ionization constant

• If a reaction is written as aA + bB ⇄ pP + nN, then the equilibrium expression could be

Manipulating the Equilibrium Expression

• Equilibrium constant is written from the balance reaction

• To reverse direction of reaction, the reactant and products can be flipped.

• Coefficients can be multiplied or divided by constant factors

• Equations can be added or subtracted

Determining the Value of the Equilibrium Constant

• To find K, simply measure the concentrations of products and reactants and use equilibrium expression

  • For O2 + 2SO2 ⇄ 2SO3 where the equilibrium concentration are [O2] = 2x10^-8 M, [SO2] = 3.4x10^-9 M, and [SO3] = .971 M

    

Using the Equilibrium Expression

Extent of Reaction and Thermodynamically Favorable Reactions

• If the equilibrium constant is very large, more products are present and favored at equilibrium.

  • Very large is seen as greater than 10^10

  • If a lot of product is formed, the reaction has gone nearly to completion

• If the constant is very small, more reactants are present and favored at equilibrium.

  • Very small is seen as less than 10^-10

  • If very little product has occurred, then virtually no reaction has occurred

• If K = 1, the equilibrium mixture has equal products and reactants

• Thermodynamically favorable reaction (TFP) has products form with very little assistance

  • TFP is seen as constant greater than 1

• A reaction is seen as a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction, not TFP, when the equilibrium constant is less than 1.

The Reaction Quotient and Predicting the Direction of a Reaction

• Reaction quotient, Q, is obtained by using the equilibrium expression and using the values of product and reactant at any point in time, not just at equilibrium.

  • This is different from K because K can only be obtained at equilibrium.

• Principles of Q

  • If Q does not change with time, the reaction is in a state of equilibrium. Q = K

  • Q = K is the reaction is at equilibrium

  • Q < K if the reaction will move forward (produce more products) to reach equilibrium

  • Q > K if the reaction will move in the reverse (produce more reactants) to reach equilibrium

Equilibrium Calculations

The Equilibrium Table

• Equilibrium table is used to organize given information in an problem to find the missing values

  • Comprised of five lines: the balance reaction, initial concentrations, how much the initials change, the equilibrium values, and the answer

• For the reaction NO2 + SO2 ⇄ NO + SO3

• The change line will be represented by x and the coefficient of x correlates to the coefficient of the line it is in. In this table, x will have a coefficient of 1. However, if NO2 was 2 NO2, the x would be 2x.

  • If a 4 L flask was comprised of 1 mole of each compound, then it would look like this (1 mol / 4 L = .250 M)

Calculations of Equilibrium Constants

• Using the previous table, if it is then given that the equilibrium concentration of NO2 is .261M.

  • If .250 - x = .261M, then x = -.011M

• Plugging the answer values to the equilibrium expression:

Determination of Equilibrium Concentrations by Direct Analysis

• At equilibrium, the chemical reaction obeys the equilibrium expression and the expression can be used to calculate the concentrations

• For the reaction H2 + I2 ⇄ 2 HI, where K = 49, [I2] = .2M, [HI] = .05M, [H2] can be calculated:

  

Determination of Equilibrium Concentrations from Initial Concentrations and Stoichiometric Relationships

• If given initial concentrations and equilibrium constant, equilibrium concentrations can be determined for all compounds

• For Br2 + Cl2 ⇄ 2BrCl, K = 6.9. If .1 mol BrCl is in a 500mL flask, find [Br2], [Cl2], and [BrCl].

  • .1 mol BrCl / .5L = .2M

• Given the x value found, [Br2] and [Cl2] = .0432 and [BrCl] = .114M

Kp, An Equilibrium Constant for Gas-Phase Reaction

• For the reaction H2 + I2 ⇄ 2HI, the Kp expression is

  

• For the reaction 2S + 3O2 ⇄ 2SO3 where the partial pressure are S = .0035atm, O2 = .0021atm, and SO3 = .005atm, what’s the Kp?

  

Relationship Between Kp and Kc

• Kp = Kc(RT)^(Δng)

  • R = .0821

  • Δng = change in moles of gas (products - reactants)

• For the reaction 2NO (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2 NO2 (g) where the Kc is 5.6x10^12 at 290K, what’s the Kp?

  

Units of Equilibrium Constants

• There are no units because they are seen as dimensionless quantities

Special Equilibrium Constants

Solubility Product

• Solubility product can be used to find how much of an salt dissolves in water

• For the reaction Fe(OH)3 (s) ⇄ Fe (aq) + 3OH (aq), Ksp = [Fe][OH]

  • Fe(OH)3 does not appear because it is solid.

    • The column for Fe(OH)3 will not be used because it has no concentration

  • If the Ksp is 1.6x10^-39, the concentrations can be found

• Using this X value, [Fe] = 8.8x10^-11 and [OH] = 2.6x10^-10 M

Weak-Acid and Weak-Base Equilibria

• Weak acids and weak bases ionize only slightly in water

• For the reaction CH3COOH (aq) + H2O ⇄ CH3COO (aq) + H3O (aq)

• For the reaction NH3 (aq) + H2O ⇄ NH4 (aq) + OH
  

• For weak acids, the equilibrium constant is called the acid ionization constant and given the symbol Ka

• Weak bases have the base ionization constant, Kb

Formation Constants

• Metal ions can react with anions and molecules to form complexes

  • For the reaction Cu (aq) + 4NH3 (aq) ⇄ Cu(NH3)4 (aq)

• Kf, the formation constant, is used to represent the complex

• When the reaction is reversed, it is the dissociation constant, Kd and are inversely proportional to each other

Le Chatelier’s Principle

• If a reaction is in equilibrium and it is disturbed, a stressor is added, the reaction will react again to return to equilibrium.

Effects of Concentration

• If the reactant is increased, more product will become favored/produced to restore equilibrium

• If reactant decreases, the opposite occurs: more reactant is produced/favored

• If products are increased, more reactants are favored/produced

• If products are decreased, the opposite occurs

Effects on Pressure

• If more pressure is added to a reaction, the reaction will shift to produce more of the side with less moles of gas

  • If the reactants have 2 mols of gas and products have 3, the reaction will produce more reactants

• If pressure is decreased, the reaction will shift to the side with more mols of gas

  • If the reactants have 2 mol and the products have 3, the reaction will create more products

• If there are equal amounts of gas on each side of the reaction, no shifts will occur

Effects of Temperature

• Changing temperature is the only stressor that can change the value of the equilibrium constant

• If a reaction is exothermic, where reactants ⇄ products + heat

  • If the temperature is increased more reactants will be produced, and the K will decrease

  • If the temperature is decreased, more products will be formed and K will increase

• If a reaction is endothermic, where reactants + heat ⇄ products

  • If the temperature is increased, more products will be made and K will increase

  • If the temperature is decreased, more reactants will form and K will decrease