Study Guide for Test 3

PSY2012 Chapters 11 through 16

What is anorexia nervosa?

Extreme fear of being overweight
Distorted body image
Severe restriction of eating
BMI of 16 or less

What is bulimia nervosa?

Binge eating and then vomiting or use of laxatives
Done mainly out of guilt

Affiliation

The need to belong
Humans are inherently social, rejection can lead to problems:
-Health
-Depression, suicide
-Anger and even violence

Achievement

Need to excel
Atkinson: The tendency to achieve success is a function of:
-Motivation to succeed
-Expectation of success
-Incentive value of the success

Extrinsic motivation

Outside motivations, in the form of rewards and praises

Intrinsic motivation

Motivation that comes from within a person
Such as:
challenge, enjoyment, mastery, and autonomy and self-determination

What are the six basic emotions

Anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise

What is the Duchenne smile?

Authentic vs Forced smile
A smile that reachers your eyes, corners wrinkle up with crow's feet

Stress as a stimulus

Threatens or pushes us to our limits
-Life changes (i.e. life events)
-Hassles (simple everyday inconveniences)

Primary appraisal

Going over a how stressful and relevant the event is to oneself

Secondary appraisal

How to react to the evaluation and how to face the situation

Physiological reactivity model

How sustained physiological activation associated with the stress response can affect body systems to increase illness

Health behavior approach

Focuses on the behavior that make one susceptible to illness or better health

What is Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

Id- pleasure principle
Ego- reality
Superego- morals

Alfred Adler's psychoanalytic theories consist of

Inferiority complex compensation and the birth order theory

According to the birth order theory, the eldest child are:

Smart, high achiever, responsible; might be angry and resentful once another kid comes along

According to the birth order theory, the second child are:

friendly, caring, and master opposite skills; competitive with the first born

According to the birth order theory, the middle child are:

Lost and discouraged and may feel unloved, can become creative and ambitious

According to the birth order theory, the youngest child are:

Spoiled, playing catch-up discouraged; may not take responsibility for themselves or others

According to the birth order theory, the only child are:

Mature early, cooperative, and good with adults; pampered, share similarities with oldest and youngest

Carl Rogers' unconditional positive regard theory is about:

Acceptance of another person regradless of his or her behavior

Watler MIschel's social-cognitive learning theory is about how

Behavior results from the interaction of cognitive/emotional qualities plus the situation

Trait theory states that

Personality traits are not consistent across all situations

Five-factor model by McCrae and Costa

Openness (imaginative, interested in new experiences)
Conscientiousness (orderly, hardworking)
Extraversion (sociable, outgoing)
Agreeableness (good-natured, trusting)
Neuroticism (anxious, emotional)

Social facilitation

Presence of others improves one’s performance

Social loafing

Presence of others causes one to relax one’s standards and slack off

Informative social influence

One views others as a source of knowledge about what one is supposed to do

Normative social influence

Conformity in order to be accepted by others

Self-serving bias

Make situational attributions for our failures but dispositional attributions for our failures

Fundamental attribution error

Other’s behavior in terms of dispositional attributions rather than situational ones

What are stereotypes?

How people are likely to behave based on the groups to which they belong

What is prejudice?

Biased attitude toward a group of people or an individual member of a group based on unfair generalizations

What is discrimination?

Preferential treatment of certain people, usually driven by prejudicial attitudes

What is the bystander effect?

The greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help.
Diffusion of responsibility; case of Kitty Genovese

What is reciprocal altruism?

Helping others in the hope that they will help us in the future

Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love

Consummate love consist of intimacy, passion, and commitment

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

-Inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity
-Result of smoking during pregnancy
-Under stimulated brain

Autism Spectrum disorder

Impaired social interaction, impaired communication, repetitive/stereotypic behaviors

Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia

Symptoms regular people dont have:
-Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior

Negative symptoms of Schizophreniia

Lacking symptoms regular people have:
-Catatonic immobility
-Lack of speech, flat emotion, inability to complete tasks

Major depressive disorder

-Pervasive low mood, lack of motivation, low energy, and feelings of worthlessness and guilt
-Has to last for at least two weeks

Bipolar disorder

Mood swings, cycling between very low and very high manic moods
-Mania: the distractible, indiscrete, grandiose, flight of ideas, active, talkative
-Hypomanic episodes: shorter duration
Causes: Genetic abnormalities in the brain, and neurochemistry (low serotonin)

Generalized anxiety disorder

Pervasive/excessive anxiety lasting at least 6 months

Panic disorder

Persistent worry about having a panic attack

Social anxiety disorder

Persistent fear of humiliation in the presence of others

Specific phobia

Undue anxiety over a particular object or situation

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Obsession: Unwanted thought, word, or image that repeatedly comes into a person’s mind and causes distress
Compulsion: Repetitive behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic set of rules

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Intrusive and persistent cognitive, emotional, and physiological symptoms
Triggered by catastrophic or horrifying events
-Flashbacks
_Easily startled
-Hair-trigger tempers
-Reckless, self-destructive

Cognitive and behavioral psychotherapy

Combines techniques for restructuring irrational thoughts with operant and classical conditioning techniques to shape desirable behaviors