CHAPTER 8

gynecologist

diagnosis and treatment of female reproductive disorders, including the breasts

obstetrics

covers pregnancy and childbirth including the physiological and pathological functions of the female reproductive tract; covers care of mother and fetus through pregnancy and the immediate postpartum period

neonatology

a branch that focuses on care of the neonate (newborn) and disorders

urology

disorders and care of the urinary tract in men and women, as well as the male reproductive system such as infertility and sexual dysfunction

internal organs of the female reproductive system

ovaries, fallopian tubes (oviducts and uterine tubes), uterus, vagina

external organs of the female reproductive system

mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, Bartholin glands; collectively called the genitalia or vulva

purpose of the female sex organs

to produce and transport ova, discharge ova, or nourish developing fetus

female sex hormones and their purpose

estrogen and progesterone; responsible for secondary sex characteristic development (breast development, regulation of menstrual cycle); estrogen specifically is responsible for development of adipose tissue of the breast around glandular tissue

organs of the male reproductive system

gonads (testes), sperm-transporting ducts (epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra), accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands), copulatory organ (penis)

purposes of the male sex organs

-gonads produce gametes and secrete sex hormones -epididymis stores and propels sperm toward the urethra during ejaculation -vas deferens transports sperm from the testes to the urethra -seminal vesicles produce secretions that compose semen

amin/o

amnion, amniotic sac

cervic/o

neck, cervix uteri

colp/o, vagin/o

vagina

galact/o, lact/o

milk

gynec/o

woman, female

hyster/o, uter/o

uterus, womb

mamm/o, mast/o

breast

men/o

menses, menstruation

metr/o

uterus, measure

nat/o

birth

oophor/o, ovari/o

ovary

perine/o

perineum

salping/o

tube (especially fallopian or eustachian auditory tubes)

vulv/o, episi/o

vulva

andr/o

male

balan/o

glans penis

gonad/o

gonads, sex glands

orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o, test/o

testis

muc/o

mucus

olig/o

scanty

prostat/o

prostate gland

spermat/o, sperm/i, sperm/o

spermatozoa, sperm cells

varic/o

dilated vein

vas/o

vessel, vas deferens, duct

-arche

beginning

-gravida

pregnant women

-para

to bear offspring

-salpinx

tube (usually fallopian or eustachian auditory tube)

-tocia

childborth, labor

-version

turning

curet

instrument used to scrape endometrium; serrated to scrape uterine lining in D&C

uterine sound

instrument to examine uterine cavity

cervical dilator

instrument to enable insertion of a curet

CS

cesarean section

D&C

dilation and curettage

Dx

diagnosis

G

gravida/pregnant

GYN

gynecology

HRT

hormone replacement therapy

IVF

in vitro fertilization

LMP

last menstrual period

OB

obstetrics

OB-GYN

obstetrics and gynecology

OCP

oral contraceptive pill

Pap

Papanicolaou test (pap smear)

Para 1, 2, 3, etc

unipara, bipara, tripara, etc. (number of viable births)

PID

pelvic inflammatory disease

PSA

prostate-specific antigen

TAH

total abdominal hysterectomy

TRAM

transverse rectus abdominis muscle

TSS

toxic shock syndrome

TVH

total vaginal hysterectomy

BPH

benign prostatic hyperplasia, benign prostatic hypertrophy

DRE

digital rectal exam

TURP

transurethral resection of the prostate

TRUS

transrectal untrasonography

GC

gonorrhea

HPV

human papillomavirus

STI

sexually transmitted infection

VD

venereal disease

candidiasis

vaginal fungal infection caused by Candida albicans; causes curdy, cheese like discharge and extreme itching

dysmenorrhea

menstrual pain and tension

ectopic pregnancy

implantation of fertilized ovum outside uterine cavity

endometriosis

presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, such as the pelvis or abdomen

fibroid

benign neoplasm in the uterus that is composed largely of fibrous tissue; AKA leiomyoma

gestational hypertension

potentially life-threatening disorder that usually develops after the 20th week of pregnancy; causes edema and proteinuria -Preeclampsia - nonconvulsive form of gestational hypertension that may progress to eclampsia if left untreated -Eclampsia - convulsive form that is a medical emergency and life-threatening to mother and/or baby

hyperplasia

excessive increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ

leukorrhea

white discharge from vagina

oligomenorrhea

scanty or infrequent menstrual flow

sterility

inability of a woman to become pregnant or for a man to impregnate a woman

toxic shock syndrom (TSS)

rare and sometimes fatal Staph infection that generally occurs in menstruating women, mostly who use tampons

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

inflammation of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and adjacent pelvic structures, caused by bacterial an infection -Two most common causes are gonorrhea and chlamydia

anorchism

congenital absence of one or both testes; AKA anorchidism or anorchia

balanitis

inflammation of skin covering the glans penis

cryptorchism

failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum; AKA cryptorchidism

epispadias

congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis near the glans penis instead of tip

hypospadias

congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the undersurface of the penis instead of the tip

impotence

inability of a man to achieve or maintain a penile erection; AKA erectile dysfunction

phimosis

stenosis or narrowing of the preputial orifice so that foreskin cannot be retracted over the glans penis

oligospermia

deficiency of spermatozoa in semen

sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

any disease that may be acquired as a result of sexual intercourse or other intimate contact with infected individual; affects male and female systems -chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes genitalis, HPV, syphilis, trichomoniasis

chlamydia

bacterial infection that causes cervicitis in women and urethritis and epididymitis in men

gonorrhea

bacterial infection of the mucous membrane of the genital tract in men and women

herpes genitalis

highly contagious viral infection of male and female genitalia transmitted by direct contact with infected body secretions; differs in that it can recur spontaneously once acquired; AKA venereal herpes

human papillomavirus (HPV)

infection of genital areas of men and women including the pelvis, vulva, anus, and rectal, cervical, and vaginal linings -over 40 types such as genital warts

syphilis

infectious chronic STI with skin lesions (chancres), typically on genitals, rectum, or mouth

trichomoniasis

infection of vagina or male genital tract that commonly causes vaginitis, urethritis, and cystitis

amniocentesis

obstetric procedure involving surgical puncture of the amniotic sac under ultrasound guidance to remove amniotic fluid, often to detect genetic abnormalities and blood incompatibility

colposcopy

examination of vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying glass

laparoscopy

visual examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through 1 or more small incisions in the abdominal wall usually at the umbilicus