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130 Terms

1
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Describe the Dodo Bird Effect
proposed by Rozenzweig (1936), it states that all psychotherapies are essentially equivalent and accomplish the same goal of human change
2
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Explain the Common Factors Approach
a core set of qualities are the mechanisms of action through which psychotherapy is effective
3
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Describe effect of therapist’s orientation on therapy effectiveness
only 15% effect, all orientations are about equally effective
4
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Define eclectic therapy
an approach that draws on multiple theoretical orientations and techniques. it is THE MOST POPULAR approach
5
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Describe why theory matters
Theories enable us to go beyond what we can observe or experience by virtue of their ability to reveal patterns or underlying mechanisms at different levels of analysis, and their observable effects.
6
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who is the major figure for

Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
7
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Describe the basic philosophy of psychoanalysis
Unconscious as most powerful source of behavior, Behavior determined by conflict between unconscious drives and defenses, Psychology is determined by age 6
8
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what is instinct theory?
Eros (life instinct, source of libido) & thanatos (Death instinct, source of destructive impulses)
9
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Topographic model of the mind (unconscious, preconscious, conscious)
Conscious: thoughts, preconceptions
Preconscious: Memories
Unconscious: fears, violent motives, etc.
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\n

Structural model of the mind (id, ego, superego)
knowt flashcard image
11
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where are the id, ego and superego located?
Ego only exists in the conscious,Superego is in all states, Id is only in the subconscious
12
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what are the defense mechanisms?
repression,denial, escape/fantasy, Rationalization, Projection
13
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what is repression?
the exclusion of distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings from the conscious mind.
14
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what is denial?
Refusal to accept reality
15
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what is escape/fantasy?
Running away from problems through daydreams, entertainment, excessive sleep, etc.
16
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what is Rationalization?
An attempt to justify one’s actions with an excuse
17
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what is projection?
Externalization of an unacceptable wish
18
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what are the stages of development according to Freud?
oral,anal ,phallic,latency, and genital
19
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what is a healthy person in psychoanalysis?
ego in control, Doesn't repress, Able to let subconscious conflicts surface and recognize them, Progressed through psychosexual stages
20
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what is dysfunction in psychoanalysis?
Id/superego in control, use of defense mechanisms, unresolved unconscious conflicts, Unsuccessful psychosexual stages
21
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Describe psychoanalysis as a therapeutic approach
Use of projective assessment, Long-term therapy Client reveals everything that comes to mind, experiences resistance and transference, Therapist is a blank screen aims to correctly interpret the client’s unconscious material
22
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goals of psychoanalysis:
Catharsis, Insight, Ego strengthening
23
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techniques of psychoanalysis:
Free association, Interpretation, Analysis of resistance, Working through the transference, Dream analysis
24
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Describe the impact of psychoanalysis on the field
foundation of most modern theories
25
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Summarize research evidence for psychoanalysis
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Hard to test many ideas, Classic psychoanalysis has rarely been tested, Some theories have been disproven (hallucinations = narcissism), while others have solid evidence (e.g., existence of subconscious processes), Evidence for therapeutic effectiveness is largely positive, about as effective as other therapies
26
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Describe neoanalytic models as a group
A group of modern theoretical approaches to therapy descended from Freud.
27
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Identify how neoanalytic models are similar to and different from Freud’s approach
they share Freud’s emphasis on unconscious processes and early childhood experiences, especially relationships with primary caregivers, but disagree on the importance of sexuality and in their understanding of the therapeutic relationship
28
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where do the major neoanalytic models fall in regards to motivators?
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29
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where do the major neoanalytic models fall in regards to similarities to psychoanalysis
knowt flashcard image
30
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who are the major figures in Ego psychology?
Anna Freud,Heinz Hartman, and Margaret Mahler
31
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what are the basic philosophies of ego psychology?
Focus on ego, Interest in ego adaptation (how ego adapts to external environment and internal pressures from id and superego), Importance of average acceptable environment (AAE)
32
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who is the major figure in self psychology?
Heinz Kohut
33
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Describe the basic philosophy of Self Psychology
Development of self-objects, including grandiose-exhibitionistic self and idealized parental imago, Importance of optimal frustrations and transmuting internalization
34
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who are the major figures in object relations theory?
Melanie Klein, Donald Winnicott, and Otto Kernberg
35
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Describe the basic philosophy of Object Relations theory
Development of internal objects based on relationships with primary caregivers

Use of primitive defenses (projection, introjection, splitting, projective identification)

Maturation from fragmentation to whole-experiencing Importance of good enough mother/safe holding environment

Individuation vs. attachment
36
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who is the major figure in relational psychoanalysis?
Harry Stack Sullivan
37
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Describe the basic philosophy of Relational Psychoanalysis
Definition of self

Importance of relationships

Relational matrix

Dysfunctional early/important relationships = dysfunctional relational templates and inauthenticity
38
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Describe modern psychodynamic therapy as a therapeutic approach
Little assessment

Long-term therapy

Therapy relationship itself as healing (creating AAE/safe holding environment)

Process over content
39
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Identify the goals of psychodynamic therapy:
Catharsis

Recognizing patterns in behavior and relationships

Gaining insight into patterns

Developing an integrated and authentic self
40
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Identify the techniques of psychodynamic therapy:
Interpretation of transference and countertransference

Creation of corrective emotional experience

Working through rupture and repair
41
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Summarize research evidence for psychodynamic therapy
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Produces outcomes similar to other types of therapy

Gains may last longer than cognitive and behavioral treatments

Effective for depression, anxiety, somatic disorders, eating disorders, substance disorders, personality disorders, adjustment concerns, interpersonal difficulties

Seems to work especially well for clients with severe dysfunction

Less effective for very specific problems (e.g., specific phobia, panic disorder)

Like classic psychoanalysis, hard to test many aspects of

these theories Theories (especially EP and SP) are highly individualist
42
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who is the major figure in

Individual/Adlerian Psychology?
Alfred Adler
43
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Describe the basic philosophy of Individual Psychology
Everyone is in charge of their own destiny

People have an innate tendency to strive for perfection

Goals are the most important motivator of human behavior

Balance of social interest and inferiority feelings determine personality (and balance is influenced by early childhood experiences)
44
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what was Alder interested in?
what happens if inferiority feelings are too strong or too weak in adulthood
45
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what is an inferiority complex?
a person with unusually ***high level*** of inferiority feelings that contributes to extreme feelings of inadequacy
46
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what is a *superiority* complex?
a person with unusually ***low level*** of inferiority feelings, and therefore is devoid of social interest
47
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what is a lifestyle in individual psychology?
Lifestyle: plan for entire life

Developed by age 6

Involves one primary goal

Guides our existence, including choices, actions, and understanding of the world

our way of adapting to our circumstances

mostly unconscious

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created by the individual
48
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what are the 5 basic tasks in individual psychology?
community, occupation, love, self/being, existentialism
49
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what is the community task in individual psychology?
finding ways to live in and contribute to one’s community 
50
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what is the occupation task in individual psychology?
finding a valuable and fulfilling career
51
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what is the love task in individual psychology?
forming a loving __heterosexual__ partnership
52
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what is the self/being task in individual psychology?
getting along with yourself and finding yourself worthy
53
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what is the Existentialism task in individual psychology?
figuring out the meaning of life, with or without religion
54
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what are the 5 basic mistakes in individual psychology?
overgeneralizations, false goals of security, misperceptions of life, minimization of one’s worth, faulty values
55
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give an example of overgeneralizations in individual psychology
it will always be this way
56
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give an example of False goals of security in individual psychology
I should always feel safe and secure
57
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give an example of Misperceptions of life
the world should accommodate me
58
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give an example of the Minimization of one’s worth
I can’t be successful in life
59
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give an example of faulty values
I don’t care about other people
60
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what makes a healthy person in individual psychology?
Have social interest

Have managed their inferiority feelings

Succeed at contributing to community, finding love, doing socially useful work

Have the courage to be imperfect
61
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what is an unhealthy person in individual psychology?
Lack social interest

Extreme levels of inferiority

Too focused on gaining personal superiority

Basic mistakes prevent them from achieving basic tasks
62
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Describe Individual Psychology as a therapeutic approach
involves a great deal of formal and informal

Structured interviews towards lifestyle

What are you driving towards

“The Question”: What would be different if your symptoms disappeared

Family constellation

Earliest recollections

Dreams
63
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Explain Adler’s theory of personality development
birth order determines personality
64
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what is the firstborn’s personality in individual psychology?
Seek out authority position

Love rules

Risk-averse

May rebel because they resent being usurped
65
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what is the personality of the second child in individual psychology
Best position

Try to catch up to the firstborn

May be discouraged if they can't
66
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middle child personality
Squeezed by older and younger kids
Lack advantage of parental interest
Feel ignored
67
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Youngest child personality
Center of attention, May be overprotected
68
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Identify the goals of Individual Psychology:
Give client insight into their lifestyle

Move towards greater social interest

Manage inferiority feelings
69
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Identify the techniques of Individual Psychology:
Interpretation
Encouragement
Humor
Natural and logical consequences
Acting “as if”
Pushing the button
Catching oneself
Creating images
Pleasing someone
Paradoxical Intention/Anti-Suggestion
70
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Describe the impact of Individual Psychology on the field
Helped inspire many later theories

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Among the first to truly consider the influence of social factors (e.g., sexism, racism) on personality and behavior

Has been criticized as too simple and too vague

Doesn’t apply well to non-traditional families

homophobic
71
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who is the major figure in person-centered therapy?
Carl Rogers
72
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basic philosophy of person centered therapy:
Human beings are inherently good

All organisms naturally develop toward wholeness and integration

Motivation for behavior is innate need to grow

Anti-social behavior is a product of experience in the environment

Clients are able to accept responsibility for their actions and solve their own problems
73
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define experience as a noun
everything going on within an individual at a given moment
74
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define experience as a verb
process of perceiving what's going on. In order to grow, we must perceive the environment accurately
75
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what is actualizing tendency?
Tendency of all organisms to pursue biological and psychological growth, Automatically progress towards autonomy, health, and complexity
76
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explain Organismic valuing process OVP
Internal compass that helps move us towards growth
People move towards growth-producing experiences
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explain Self-actualizing tendency (SAT):
Natural tendency for self-concept
Need for positive regard and self-worth
78
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what is congruence?
Perceived self and ideal self are similar
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what is Incongruence
Perceived self and ideal self are different
80
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what are conditions for worth?
When certain aspects of self are perceived as being approved/disapproved by important others, conditions of worth are developed
81
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what is an internal locus of evaluation
Decisions are made on the OVP
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what is an external locus of evaluation
Decisions are made on internalized COWs
83
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Explain Roger’s theory of personality development
Development is lifelong and is motivated by self-actualizing tendency and need for positive regard 

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Important for others to provide us with **unconditional positive regard**- move to self actualization 

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Conditional positive regard - we develop COWs and incongruence 
84
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what is a healthy person in person-centered therapy
Are congruent

Perceive the environment accurately

Have an internal locus of evaluation

Are creative

Are willing to live at odd with society/culture
85
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what are unhealthy people in person-centered therapy
Incongruent

Have a distorted perception of the environment

Have an external locus of evaluation

Are defensive

Are conformist
86
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Describe Person-Centered Therapy as a therapeutic approach
No assessment or diagnosis

Therapy as a real, human encounter

Client is in driver’s seat and must be in contact with their inner experience as much as possible

Therapist creates the core conditions, which are thought to be necessary and sufficient for client healing: genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathy
87
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Identify the goals of Person-Centered Therapy:
Facilitate client’s journey toward actualization

Decrease incongruence and increase congruence

Eliminate conditions of worth
88
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Identify the techniques of Person-Centered Therapy (though remember that Rogers was technique-skeptical):
Open-ended questions

Restatements

Reflections of feelings

Focusing
89
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Describe the impact of Person-Centered Therapy on the field
most influential theory after psychoanalysis

All modern approaches acknowledge the importance of the therapeutic relationship

Most modern approaches incorporate some aspects of empathy, positive regard, and genuineness (though perhaps not the way Rogers meant them)

Rogers modeled a new way of being as a therapist
90
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Summarize research evidence for Person-Centered Therapy
About as effective as other therapies

Effective for adjustment concerns, relational concerns, depression, anxiety, PTSD, and borderline personality disorder
Seems to work best for clients with relatively mild dysfunction

Therapist empathy shown to be strongly related to client outcome

Research suggests that core conditions are necessary, but not sufficient

Clients from non-white, non-Western backgrounds may not benefit from non-directiveness and focus on emotional disclosure

How does self-actualizing tendency interact with systemic barriers?
91
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what are the roots of existential therapy
existential philosophy
92
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who was a major figure in existential therapy
Viktor Frankl
93
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Describe the basic philosophy of Existential Therapy
Humans are free and responsible for their own lives

Humans have the potential for self-actualization

Primary motivation is the search for meaning (either finding inherent meaning, or creating meaning in meaningless universe)
94
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what are the 4 models of being
Being in the physical world, Being in the social world, Being in the psychological world,Being in the spiritual world
95
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what is existential anxiety?
most powerful type of anxiety, associated with our awareness of our own mortality
96
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what are the ultimate concerns?
death, freedom, meaninglessness, isolation
97
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describe the death concern
* We know we’re going to die
* We spend a lot of energy avoiding or denying this fact
* facing mortality can give meaning to life
* Death/anxiety about death are the source of most psychological problems
98
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describe the freedom concern
* People are responsible for their own choices
* Thus, we have responsibility for the outcomes of our choices (or failure to make a choice)


* Even with no other choices, people can choose their attitude
99
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describe the meaningless concen
* There is no inherent meaning to life (or, meaning is unique)
* Meaning only comes through suffering
* It is terrifying to realize that there is no meaning, because it means we will not “live on” after we die
100
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describe the isolation concern
* We are ultimately alone 
* Loneliness is an inherent part of being human
* We may try to deal with isolation by clinging to relationships or avoiding relationships  both are dysfunctional