Studied by 1 personDescribe the Dodo Bird Effect
proposed by Rozenzweig (1936), it states that all psychotherapies are essentially equivalent and accomplish the same goal of human change
Explain the Common Factors Approach
a core set of qualities are the mechanisms of action through which psychotherapy is effective
Describe effect of therapist’s orientation on therapy effectiveness
only 15% effect, all orientations are about equally effective
Define eclectic therapy
an approach that draws on multiple theoretical orientations and techniques. it is THE MOST POPULAR approach
Describe why theory matters
Theories enable us to go beyond what we can observe or experience by virtue of their ability to reveal patterns or underlying mechanisms at different levels of analysis, and their observable effects.
who is the major figure for
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
Describe the basic philosophy of psychoanalysis
Unconscious as most powerful source of behavior, Behavior determined by conflict between unconscious drives and defenses, Psychology is determined by age 6
what is instinct theory?
Eros (life instinct, source of libido) & thanatos (Death instinct, source of destructive impulses)
Topographic model of the mind (unconscious, preconscious, conscious)
Conscious: thoughts, preconceptions Preconscious: Memories Unconscious: fears, violent motives, etc.
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Structural model of the mind (id, ego, superego)
where are the id, ego and superego located?
Ego only exists in the conscious,Superego is in all states, Id is only in the subconscious
what are the defense mechanisms?
repression,denial, escape/fantasy, Rationalization, Projection
what is repression?
the exclusion of distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings from the conscious mind.
what is denial?
Refusal to accept reality
what is escape/fantasy?
Running away from problems through daydreams, entertainment, excessive sleep, etc.
what is Rationalization?
An attempt to justify one’s actions with an excuse
what is projection?
Externalization of an unacceptable wish
what are the stages of development according to Freud?
oral,anal ,phallic,latency, and genital
what is a healthy person in psychoanalysis?
ego in control, Doesn't repress, Able to let subconscious conflicts surface and recognize them, Progressed through psychosexual stages
what is dysfunction in psychoanalysis?
Id/superego in control, use of defense mechanisms, unresolved unconscious conflicts, Unsuccessful psychosexual stages
Describe psychoanalysis as a therapeutic approach
Use of projective assessment, Long-term therapy Client reveals everything that comes to mind, experiences resistance and transference, Therapist is a blank screen aims to correctly interpret the client’s unconscious material
goals of psychoanalysis:
Catharsis, Insight, Ego strengthening
techniques of psychoanalysis:
Free association, Interpretation, Analysis of resistance, Working through the transference, Dream analysis
Describe the impact of psychoanalysis on the field
foundation of most modern theories
Summarize research evidence for psychoanalysis
Hard to test many ideas, Classic psychoanalysis has rarely been tested, Some theories have been disproven (hallucinations = narcissism), while others have solid evidence (e.g., existence of subconscious processes), Evidence for therapeutic effectiveness is largely positive, about as effective as other therapies
Describe neoanalytic models as a group
A group of modern theoretical approaches to therapy descended from Freud.
Identify how neoanalytic models are similar to and different from Freud’s approach
they share Freud’s emphasis on unconscious processes and early childhood experiences, especially relationships with primary caregivers, but disagree on the importance of sexuality and in their understanding of the therapeutic relationship
where do the major neoanalytic models fall in regards to motivators?
where do the major neoanalytic models fall in regards to similarities to psychoanalysis
who are the major figures in Ego psychology?
Anna Freud,Heinz Hartman, and Margaret Mahler
what are the basic philosophies of ego psychology?
Focus on ego, Interest in ego adaptation (how ego adapts to external environment and internal pressures from id and superego), Importance of average acceptable environment (AAE)
who is the major figure in self psychology?
Heinz Kohut
Describe the basic philosophy of Self Psychology
Development of self-objects, including grandiose-exhibitionistic self and idealized parental imago, Importance of optimal frustrations and transmuting internalization
who are the major figures in object relations theory?
Melanie Klein, Donald Winnicott, and Otto Kernberg
Describe the basic philosophy of Object Relations theory
Development of internal objects based on relationships with primary caregivers
Use of primitive defenses (projection, introjection, splitting, projective identification)
Maturation from fragmentation to whole-experiencing Importance of good enough mother/safe holding environment
Individuation vs. attachment
who is the major figure in relational psychoanalysis?
Harry Stack Sullivan
Describe the basic philosophy of Relational Psychoanalysis
Definition of self
Importance of relationships
Relational matrix
Dysfunctional early/important relationships = dysfunctional relational templates and inauthenticity
Describe modern psychodynamic therapy as a therapeutic approach
Little assessment
Long-term therapy
Therapy relationship itself as healing (creating AAE/safe holding environment)
Process over content
Identify the goals of psychodynamic therapy:
Catharsis
Recognizing patterns in behavior and relationships
Gaining insight into patterns
Developing an integrated and authentic self
Identify the techniques of psychodynamic therapy:
Interpretation of transference and countertransference
Creation of corrective emotional experience
Working through rupture and repair
Summarize research evidence for psychodynamic therapy
Produces outcomes similar to other types of therapy
Gains may last longer than cognitive and behavioral treatments
Effective for depression, anxiety, somatic disorders, eating disorders, substance disorders, personality disorders, adjustment concerns, interpersonal difficulties
Seems to work especially well for clients with severe dysfunction
Less effective for very specific problems (e.g., specific phobia, panic disorder)
Like classic psychoanalysis, hard to test many aspects of
these theories Theories (especially EP and SP) are highly individualist
who is the major figure in
Individual/Adlerian Psychology?
Alfred Adler
Describe the basic philosophy of Individual Psychology
Everyone is in charge of their own destiny
People have an innate tendency to strive for perfection
Goals are the most important motivator of human behavior
Balance of social interest and inferiority feelings determine personality (and balance is influenced by early childhood experiences)
what was Alder interested in?
what happens if inferiority feelings are too strong or too weak in adulthood
what is an inferiority complex?
a person with unusually high level of inferiority feelings that contributes to extreme feelings of inadequacy
what is a superiority complex?
a person with unusually low level of inferiority feelings, and therefore is devoid of social interest
what is a lifestyle in individual psychology?
Lifestyle: plan for entire life
Developed by age 6
Involves one primary goal
Guides our existence, including choices, actions, and understanding of the world
our way of adapting to our circumstances
mostly unconscious
created by the individual
what are the 5 basic tasks in individual psychology?
community, occupation, love, self/being, existentialism
what is the community task in individual psychology?
finding ways to live in and contribute to one’s community
what is the occupation task in individual psychology?
finding a valuable and fulfilling career
what is the love task in individual psychology?
forming a loving heterosexual partnership
what is the self/being task in individual psychology?
getting along with yourself and finding yourself worthy
what is the Existentialism task in individual psychology?
figuring out the meaning of life, with or without religion
what are the 5 basic mistakes in individual psychology?
overgeneralizations, false goals of security, misperceptions of life, minimization of one’s worth, faulty values
give an example of overgeneralizations in individual psychology
it will always be this way
give an example of False goals of security in individual psychology
I should always feel safe and secure
give an example of Misperceptions of life
the world should accommodate me
give an example of the Minimization of one’s worth
I can’t be successful in life
give an example of faulty values
I don’t care about other people
what makes a healthy person in individual psychology?
Have social interest
Have managed their inferiority feelings
Succeed at contributing to community, finding love, doing socially useful work
Have the courage to be imperfect
what is an unhealthy person in individual psychology?
Lack social interest
Extreme levels of inferiority
Too focused on gaining personal superiority
Basic mistakes prevent them from achieving basic tasks
Describe Individual Psychology as a therapeutic approach
involves a great deal of formal and informal
Structured interviews towards lifestyle
What are you driving towards
“The Question”: What would be different if your symptoms disappeared
Family constellation
Earliest recollections
Dreams
Explain Adler’s theory of personality development
birth order determines personality
what is the firstborn’s personality in individual psychology?
Seek out authority position
Love rules
Risk-averse
May rebel because they resent being usurped
what is the personality of the second child in individual psychology
Best position
Try to catch up to the firstborn
May be discouraged if they can't
middle child personality
Squeezed by older and younger kids Lack advantage of parental interest Feel ignored
Youngest child personality
Center of attention, May be overprotected
Identify the goals of Individual Psychology:
Give client insight into their lifestyle
Move towards greater social interest
Manage inferiority feelings
Identify the techniques of Individual Psychology:
Interpretation Encouragement Humor Natural and logical consequences Acting “as if” Pushing the button Catching oneself Creating images Pleasing someone Paradoxical Intention/Anti-Suggestion
Describe the impact of Individual Psychology on the field
Helped inspire many later theories
Among the first to truly consider the influence of social factors (e.g., sexism, racism) on personality and behavior
Has been criticized as too simple and too vague
Doesn’t apply well to non-traditional families
homophobic
who is the major figure in person-centered therapy?
Carl Rogers
basic philosophy of person centered therapy:
Human beings are inherently good
All organisms naturally develop toward wholeness and integration
Motivation for behavior is innate need to grow
Anti-social behavior is a product of experience in the environment
Clients are able to accept responsibility for their actions and solve their own problems
define experience as a noun
everything going on within an individual at a given moment
define experience as a verb
process of perceiving what's going on. In order to grow, we must perceive the environment accurately
what is actualizing tendency?
Tendency of all organisms to pursue biological and psychological growth, Automatically progress towards autonomy, health, and complexity
explain Organismic valuing process OVP
Internal compass that helps move us towards growth People move towards growth-producing experiences
explain Self-actualizing tendency (SAT):
Natural tendency for self-concept Need for positive regard and self-worth
what is congruence?
Perceived self and ideal self are similar
what is Incongruence
Perceived self and ideal self are different
what are conditions for worth?
When certain aspects of self are perceived as being approved/disapproved by important others, conditions of worth are developed
what is an internal locus of evaluation
Decisions are made on the OVP
what is an external locus of evaluation
Decisions are made on internalized COWs
Explain Roger’s theory of personality development
Development is lifelong and is motivated by self-actualizing tendency and need for positive regard
Important for others to provide us with unconditional positive regard- move to self actualization
Conditional positive regard - we develop COWs and incongruence
what is a healthy person in person-centered therapy
Are congruent
Perceive the environment accurately
Have an internal locus of evaluation
Are creative
Are willing to live at odd with society/culture
what are unhealthy people in person-centered therapy
Incongruent
Have a distorted perception of the environment
Have an external locus of evaluation
Are defensive
Are conformist
Describe Person-Centered Therapy as a therapeutic approach
No assessment or diagnosis
Therapy as a real, human encounter
Client is in driver’s seat and must be in contact with their inner experience as much as possible
Therapist creates the core conditions, which are thought to be necessary and sufficient for client healing: genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathy
Identify the goals of Person-Centered Therapy:
Facilitate client’s journey toward actualization
Decrease incongruence and increase congruence
Eliminate conditions of worth
Identify the techniques of Person-Centered Therapy (though remember that Rogers was technique-skeptical):
Open-ended questions
Restatements
Reflections of feelings
Focusing
Describe the impact of Person-Centered Therapy on the field
most influential theory after psychoanalysis
All modern approaches acknowledge the importance of the therapeutic relationship
Most modern approaches incorporate some aspects of empathy, positive regard, and genuineness (though perhaps not the way Rogers meant them)
Rogers modeled a new way of being as a therapist
Summarize research evidence for Person-Centered Therapy
About as effective as other therapies
Effective for adjustment concerns, relational concerns, depression, anxiety, PTSD, and borderline personality disorder Seems to work best for clients with relatively mild dysfunction
Therapist empathy shown to be strongly related to client outcome
Research suggests that core conditions are necessary, but not sufficient
Clients from non-white, non-Western backgrounds may not benefit from non-directiveness and focus on emotional disclosure
How does self-actualizing tendency interact with systemic barriers?
what are the roots of existential therapy
existential philosophy
who was a major figure in existential therapy
Viktor Frankl
Describe the basic philosophy of Existential Therapy
Humans are free and responsible for their own lives
Humans have the potential for self-actualization
Primary motivation is the search for meaning (either finding inherent meaning, or creating meaning in meaningless universe)
what are the 4 models of being
Being in the physical world, Being in the social world, Being in the psychological world,Being in the spiritual world
what is existential anxiety?
most powerful type of anxiety, associated with our awareness of our own mortality
what are the ultimate concerns?
death, freedom, meaninglessness, isolation
describe the death concern
We know we’re going to die
We spend a lot of energy avoiding or denying this fact
facing mortality can give meaning to life
Death/anxiety about death are the source of most psychological problems
describe the freedom concern
People are responsible for their own choices
Thus, we have responsibility for the outcomes of our choices (or failure to make a choice)
Even with no other choices, people can choose their attitude
describe the meaningless concen
There is no inherent meaning to life (or, meaning is unique)
Meaning only comes through suffering
It is terrifying to realize that there is no meaning, because it means we will not “live on” after we die
describe the isolation concern
We are ultimately alone
Loneliness is an inherent part of being human
We may try to deal with isolation by clinging to relationships or avoiding relationships both are dysfunctional
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