2.2 - Biological molecules

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A student mixed an unknown substance with water and ethanol. A white suspension formed in the tube. What is present? [1]
Lipids are present
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Buoyancy of triglycerides
Fat is less dense than water, it is used by aquatic animals to help them stay aflot
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Chloroplast
It is a steroid alcohol - a type of lipid which is not made from glycerol or fatty acids
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Cohesion in water
water molecules stick together as a result of hydrogen bonding
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Density of water
It provides an ideal habitat for living things.
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Describe amylose
It contains alpha glucose, with 1-4 glycosidic bonds and all monomers are in the same orientation.
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Describe and explain how the structure and properties of different carbohydrate and lipid molecules suit them to their role as energy storage molecules in plants and animals. [6]
q19
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Describe how an enzyme, such as pepsin, breaks down a substrate.
substrate shape is complementary to active site, it then fits into the active site. It is an induced fit and forms enzyme-substrate complex, then products leaves
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Describe how to do the emulsion test for lipids and how a positive result would be identified.
mix with / add , ethanol / alcohol , and water ;
(goes) cloudy
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Describe the formation of a hydrogen bond between two molecules of water and explain why water can form these bonds.
between O and H between electropositive H and electronegative O as it is polar
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Describe the formation of a hydrogen bond between two molecules of water and explain why water can form these bonds. [3]
1.between O and H (of adjacent molecules);
2. between, electropositive / δ+ / delta+ (H), and, electronegative / δ- / delta- (O);
3.water molecule, is polar / has charge separation;
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Describe the primary level of protein structure.
peptide bonds and the sequence of amino acids
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Describe the process of adhesion [2]
attraction of water molecules to the impermeable walls of xylem tissue
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Describe the role of cholesterol in cell surface membranes in the human body
Cholesterol binds to phospholipid fatty-acid tails/phosphate heads, increasing the packing of the membrane, therefore reducing the fluidity of the membrane.
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Disulfide links
The strongest of attractions, this is a covalent chemical bond that crosslinks different protein strands together, giving someone's hair the natural tendency to be straight or curly
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Draw a condensation reaction

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Draw a pentose sugar

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Draw a saturated fatty acid

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Draw a unsaturated fatty acid

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Draw an alpha glucose

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Draw an beta glucose

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Draw glycerol
Draw glycerol
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Draw primary structure of a protein
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Draw the formation of a triglyceride
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Draw the general structure of an amino acid molecule in the space below.
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Draw the molecular structure of an amino acid
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They can be broken down in respiration to release energy and generate ATP.
Energy source of triglycerides
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Its insoluble in water, they can be stored without affecting the water potential of the cell.
Energy store of triglycerides
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hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails (1) hydrophobic part / tails, repelled / AW, by water head / hydrophilic part, forms H bonds with water
Explain how the structure of phospholipids allows them to form the bilayer of a plasma membrane.
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idea that the glycogen deposited is, in long chains / not branched, so not compact (which damages liver cells);
Glycogen storage disease type IV occurs when the liver is unable to catalyse the addition of branches of glucose molecules. People with this disease may develop liver damage over time. Suggest why this disease may result in liver damage.
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Water requires a lot of energy to change temperature
High specific heat capacity
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The phosphate group has a negative charge making polar, however the fatty acid tails are non-polar and are repelled by water.
How do phospholipids behave in water?
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Hydrolyse the ester bonds and then both glycerol and the fatty acids can be broken down completely to carbon dioxide and water. Respiration of a lipid produces more water than respiration of a sugar
How do triglycerides break down for respiration?
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2
How many hydrogen atoms for one oxygen atom in a carbohydrate?
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Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule
Hydrogen bonds
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water loving
Hydrophilic
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Water fearing
Hydrophobic
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Adipose tissue is a storage location for lipids in whales acting as a heat insulator.
Insulation of triglycerides
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Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Ionic bonds
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starch AND glycogen
Name the carbohydrate molecules used to store energy in plants and animals
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peptide bond
Name the covalent bond between two adjacent amino acids in a chain of amino acids.
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hydrolysis; water is added
Name the type of reaction involved in breaking this bond and describe what happens in this reaction.
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subunits
quaternary
Polypeptides known as alpha (α) and beta (β) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ form part of the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ structure of haemoglobin.
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Humans have fat around delicate organs to act as a shock absorber.
Protection of triglycerides
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primary structure
State the name given to the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule.
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1. 1-4 glycosidic
2. maltose
State the precise name of the covalent bond that forms between the two glucose molecules and the name of the disaccharide that is formed. [2]
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(enzymes are) globular, proteins / polypeptide; hydrophilic / water soluble, (R-)groups on outside (of enzyme);
State why the structure of enzyme molecules allows them to be detected in solution using the biuret test.
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facilitated diffusion (1) conversion of ornithine into citrulline creates concentration gradients
Suggest the method by which these molecules move into and out of the organelle during the cycle. Give reasons for your choice
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protein/polpeptide
Sulfur atoms are required for the synthesis of which type of biological molecule? [1]
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The water molecules at the surface ar ehydrogen bonded to the molecules un
Surface tension in water
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secondary
The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ structure of collagen is described as a left-handed helix because of the direction in which the polypeptide twists.
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The phospholipid bilayer
A double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes.
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The secondary structure of a protein is determined by the arrangement of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ bonds, which stabilise the structure.
hydrogen
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The secondary structure of a protein may contain many regions folded in zig-zag patterns known as .....
beta- pleated sheet
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Water as a reactant
Foods are broken down into their building blocks by adding water. This would be an example of which characteristic of water?
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Water as a solvent
many substances dissolve well in water because their polar molecules bond easily with other polar molecules
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What are amino acids?
building blocks of proteins
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What are disaccharides?
double sugars
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What are ester bonds?
bonds between fatty acids and glycerol
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What are fatty acids?
carboxylic acids, typically with a single long chain, although they can be branched
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What are lipids?
A group of substances that are soluble in alcohol rather than water.
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What are polysaccharides made out of?
Hundreds or thousands of monosaccharide monomers bonded together
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What are polysaccharides?
polymers of monosaccharides
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What are the 3 main groups of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
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What are the 3 most important lipids?
triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
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What are the different types of disaccharides?
maltose, sucrose, lactose and cellobiose
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What are the different types of polysaccharide?
Amylose, amylopcetin and glycogen
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What are the features of monosaccharides?
Sweet, soluble in water and crystalline. They are easily oxidised and so are called reducing sugars
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What are the features of phospholipids?
The phosphate head is hydrophilic and the fatty acid tail as hydrophobic
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What are the functions of triglycerides?
Energy source
Energy store
Insulation
Buoyancy
Protection
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What are the properties of water?
cohesion and surface tension , high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, density, reactant and solvent
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What charge is hydrogen?
positive
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What charge is oxygen?
negative
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What do carbohydrates contain?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
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What do carbohydrates do?
They act as a source of energy, as structural units and are also part of other molecules such as nucleic acids
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What do lipids contain?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
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What do nucleic acids contain?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
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What do phospholipids look like in the presence of detergent?
B
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What do proteins contain?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
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What do proteins do?
Help build and maintain cells.
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What does amylopectin contain?
it contains 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds between α-glucose monomers
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What does it mean if a fatty acid is saturated?
every C atom is bonded to at least two H atoms, max number of H
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What does it mean if a fatty acid is unsaturated?
there is at least one double bond between successive C atoms (liquid at room temp)
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What does polar mean?
unequal sharing of electrons
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What does the carboyxl group ionsies into?
Into H+ and a -COO- group
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What elements are in ATP?
C,H,O,N,S
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What elements are in cholestrol?
C,H,O
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What elements are in insulin?
C,H,O,N,S
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What elements are in sucrose?
C,H,O,N
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What happens in a condensation reaction in disaccharides?
Two hydroxl groups line up next to each other from which a water molecule is removed leaving an oxygen atom acting as a link between the 2 monosaccaride units
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What happens when 2 disaccharide join?
A condensation reaction occurs to form a glycosidic bond
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What is a carbohydrate?
compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body
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What is a condensation reaction?
A reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, producing H2O as a by product
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What is a glycosidic bond?
When two monosaccharide rings are bonded using a C-O-C bond
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What is a hetropolysaccharide?
A polysaccharide that contains two different kinds of monosaccharide
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What is a homopolysaccharide?
A polysaccharide that contains only one kind of monosaccharide
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What is a hydrogen bond?
a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.
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What is a macromolecule?
large molecule
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What is a molecular formula for deoxyribose?
C5H10O4
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What is a monomer?
A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.