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Sugar Act
Tax set by British that caused large amounts of molasses smuggling
Stamp Act
Tax set by British on all printed materials
Virtual Representation
The idea that the British Parliament members represented the colonists, even though they were never directly in the colonies.
Sons and Daughters of Liberty
Gendered groups of American colonists in support of the Revolution
Boston Massacre
Deadly altercation between colonists and British soldiers in Massachusetts during March of 1770
Boston Tea Party
Sons of Liberty dressed as indigenous people threw tons of tea into the harbor in response to the Boston Massacre
Intolerable Acts
A series of laws passed by the British in response to the Boston Tea Party. Meant to squash rebellion, but only stoked the flames higher
Lexington and Concord
Two battles that began the Revolutionary War
Common Sense
Pamphlet published by Thomas Paine that encouraged revolution based on Enlightenment ideals
Abigail Adams
Wife of John Adams who pushed (unsuccessfully) for women’s rights
Battle of Saratoga
Turning point of the war that lifted American morale and encouraged defeat of the British
Battle of Yorktown
Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. General Cornwallis surrendered soon after being defeated by the Americans
Republican Motherhood
Idea that it was women’s job to educate young people who would go on to become the future of America
Northwest Ordinance
Established a government for the Northwest territory, created the process of gaining statehood, and guaranteed that new states would be on the same power level as the original 13
Shays’ Rebellion
A rebellion by farmers in Massachusetts against Boston creditors. Led by a former captain in the Revolutionary War, farmers literally defended their land against foreclosure with pitchforks and other weaponry
Great Compromise
Each state would have two senators in the House of Representatives, no matter the population of the state
Three-Fifths Compromise
Counted each slave as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of taxes and representation
Federalist Papers
A series of 85 essays that promoted the ratification of the Constitution, John Jay got sick after writing 5, James Madison wrote 29, Hamilton wrote the other 51
Funding at Par
Proposal by Hamilton that the federal government would pay off its debts at face value plus interest
Assumption
The government pays the debts of the states itself
Bank of the United States
A central bank established in 1791 by Hamilton
Whiskey Rebellion
An uprising of farmers in western Pennsylvania in response to Hamilton’s excise tax on whiskey
Neutrality Proclamation
A formal statement declaring the US’ neutrality in the conflict between Britain and France
Treaty of Greenville
1795 treaty that gave America control over all of Ohio
Jay’s Treaty
Treaty that ended impressment (abduction of sailors by the British Navy and forcing them to be part of the navy)
Pinckney’s Treaty
Treaty between the US and Spain that gave the US the ability to trade on the Mississippi river
Alien Act
Made it more difficult for immigrants to become US citizens and vote, escalated waiting period from 5 years to 14 years
Sedition Act
Made it a crime to speak out against the government
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Political statements by Virginia and Kentucky legislatures that declared the Alien and Sedition acts unconstitutional
Marbury v. Madison
Court case that established that courts could overturn laws and/or government actions that violated the Constitution
Impressment
British abducted American sailors and forced them to become part of the British Navy
Embargo Act of 1807
America couldn’t trade with Europe during the Napoleonic War
War Hawks
A group of young Democratic-Republicans, led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, who were from frontier states and pushed for war
Tecumseh
A Shawnee indigenous leader who fought against American expansion in the midwest
Battle of New Orleans
The final battle of the War of 1812
Hartford Convention
Meeting held in Connecticut by New England Federalists to address the damage done to their trade economy
American System
Federal economic policy meant to promote economic growth and development, including infrastructure improvement, national banking, and tariffs
Era of Good Feelings
Period that reflected a rise in American nationalism in the 1810s and 1820s
Missouri Compromise
Maine got its statehood as a non-slave state and Missouri got its statehood as a slave state so that the amount of free and slave states would be balanced
Daniel Webster
Secretary of State for 3 presidents, one of the Whig leaders with John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay
Adams-Onis Treaty
1819 treaty that bought eastern Florida in order to establish a boundary between Louisiana and Mexico
Monroe Doctrine
Policy set by James Monroe that basically stated that any more European colonization in the Western Hemisphere would be considered a hostile act
Corrupt Bargain
If Henry Clay helped John Quincy Adams win the election, Adams would make Clay his Secretary of State
Spoils System
political tactic of nepotism
John C. Calhoun
Andrew Jackson’s VP, part of Henry Clay’s group, Whig leader
Maysville Road
Andrew Jackson vetoed a bill for road construction in Kentucky because the government wouldn’t be able to pay for it with constitutional laws
Henry Clay
Kentucky senator who advocated for the American System and was a War Hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House, Whig leader, he haunts Dr. Bramucci’s classroom
Force Bill
Act passed by Congress in 1833 that gave the president (Andrew Jackson) the ability to use the military to enforce the tariff in South Carolina
Trail of Tears
Forced relocation of 5 indigenous nations from the southeast, made them move westward
Specie Circular
Jackson took money from the Bank of the US and gave it to state banks, also required that in order to purchase public land, payment had to be made in gold or silver
Whigs
A party that strongly opposed Jackson’s strong-arming
Sam Houston
Commander in Chief of Texas forces, fought for Texan independence from Mexico
Alamo
First battle between Texicans and Mexican army, all rebel men were killed and became subsequent martyrs for the cause
Tammany Hall
Powerful political organization in New York that gave social services to immigrants in return for those immigrants voting for them
Know-Nothings
A political party active in the North during the 1850s that opposed immigration and Catholic influence, avoided questions about the party by saying “I know nothing”
Cotton Gin
Machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 that revolutionized the process of making textiles
Lowell Girls
Nickname for the women who worked in the textile factories in Lowell, Massachusetts, were given long hours with few breaks and dangerous conditions
Cult of Domesticity
The belief that women should be confined to domestic circles as mothers, wives, and teachers only
McCormick Reaper
A device invented by Cyrus McCormick to cut grain quickly, greatly increased productivity
Cumberland Road
First major improved highway to be built by the federal government, connected Potomac and Ohio Rivers and made a path westward for many settlers
Erie Canal
Waterway between Albany and Buffalo that allowed western farmers to ship to the North and northern manufacturers to ship to the West