(PAPHY LEC) INTRO TO HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

_____________ is the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things

Physiology

What are the 2 types of Physiology?

1. -

2. -

Cellular physiology
Systemic physiology

______________ are processes INSIDE THE CELLS that are particularly used for manufacturing different substances

Cellular physiology

_______________ are processes that focus on the functions of ORGAN SYSTEMS

Systemic physiology

________________ is the medical science whose subject is the CHANGE IN REGULATORY MECHANISMS related to the onset, development, and outcomes of diseases

Pathophysiology

What are the 6 different structural and functional organization of the human body?

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2. -

3. -

4. -

5. -

6. -

Chemical level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ system level
Organism level

_______________ refers to the chemical make-up; how atoms such as hydrogen and carbon interact and combine into molecules

Chemical level

_______________ refers to the basic structural and functional units of organisms

Cellular level

________________ refers to when there are similar cells functioning in the same manner and surrounding materials

Tissue level

___________________ refers to the combination of DIFFERENT TISSUES

Organ level

_________________ is the organization that is composed of DIFFERENT ORGANS

Organ system level

__________________ is the level wherein any living thing is considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell; network of organ systems that are mutually dependent upon one another

Organism level

What are the 6 characteristics of life?

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2. -

3. -

4. -

5. -

6. -

Organization
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Growth
Development
Reproduction

____________________ refers to the specific interrelationships among the individual parts of an organism and how the parts interact to perform specific functions.

Ex. How is your hand related to your shoulder?

Organization

_________________ is the capability of a living organism to use energy to perform other vital functions such as GROWTH, MOVEMENT, and REPRODUCTION

Metabolism

__________________ is the ability to SENSE CHANGES in external or internal environment and to ADJUST to those changes

Ex. Pag mainit, your sweat glands will make you sweat to lower your body temperature

Responsiveness

___________________ is simply the INCREASE IN SIZE OR NUMBER OF CELLS leading to the enlargement of all or part of an organism. Either lumalaki or dumadami ung cell

Growth

_________________ are changes that occur to the organism THROUGH TIME. DIFFERENTIATION must also occur

Ex. Fertilization to death

Development

_______________ is the formation of new cells or particularly new organisms

Reproduction

_________________ involves changes in the cell structure and functions from being an immature generalized state to a mature specialized state

Differentiation

_____________________ is the maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body. It is usually achieved by ACTIVELY REGULATING BODY CONDITIONS that are constantly changing.

Homeostasis

Homeostatic mechanisms to maintain body temp —> ____________ or __________ to maintain body temperature near an ideal normal value or set point

sweating
shivering

What are the 2 systems mainly responsible for homeostasis?

1. -

2. -

Nervous system
Endocrine system

_________________ aids in homeostasis through nerves and neurons. It causes the body to adjust in MILLISECONDS

Nervous system

________________ is SLOWER compared to the nervous system. It needs to go through glands before getting the expected response to the disturbance of homeostasis

Endocrine system

____________________ is the MOST COMMON regulating mechanism in maintaining homeostasis

Negative feedback mechanism

_________________ is “TO DECREASE”. It is when any deviation from the set point is made SMALLER or is RESISTED.

Example: maintenance of body temperature

Negative feedback

What are the 3 components of the negative feedback mechanism?

1. -

2. -

3. -

Receptor
Control
Effector

__________________ detects the stimuli. It sends the input or signal to CONTROL CENTER

Tagamonitor ng value ng variable. Nakakadetect kung tumaas ba or bumaba ung body temperature

Receptor

_______________ is part of the brain. It determines the SET POINT for the variable. It receives input from the receptor about the variable

Control center

_________________ adjusts the variable based on what the control center commands

Effector

When the ___________________________________ once the variable returns to the ___________ is considered as the hallmark of the negative feedback

effectors stop their response
set point

____________________ is “TO INCREASE”. It occurs when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater. It is required to return to homeostasis.

You strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions

Positive feedback mechanism

Case: Blood loss due to an accident
Mechanism: ____________________
Process: THROMBIN __________ to have greater clot formation. Whatever produces thrombin should be more stimulated

Positive feedback mechanism
increases

Many disease state result from the failure of _________________ to maintain homeostasis. Usually nagkakasakit ung tao because hindi nagwowork efficiently ung feedback mechanism na to para bumalik sa dati or sa balanced state ung katawan

negative feedback mechanism

Some ____________________ can be DETRIMENTAL instead of being helpful

detrimental

_________________ and __________________ protect the cell’s INTERIOR from the changing conditions of the extracellular environment

Plasma membrane
Lipid bilayer

_______________________ is predominantly HYDROPHOBIC or LIPOPHILIC molecule and the other hydrophobic molecules dissolve into it or through the membrane

Plasma membrane

If the molecule is _________________, it is easier to pass through the plasma membrane

hydrophobic

If the molecule is _________________, it CAN STILL PASS THROUGH, however, they need water-filled channels or specific carrier proteins

hydrophilic

What are the 5 types of membrane transport?

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2. -

3. -

4. -

5. -

Diffusion
Osmosis
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Protein-mediated transport

_____________________

• NOT CARRIER-MEDIATED (it can go through the plasma membrane UNINTERRUPTED)

• Does not require the expenditure of chemical energy directly produced by the cell but depends on the ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENTS at adjacent points

• It is governed by _____________________

Diffusion
Fick’s law of diffusion

______________________

• diffusion of water across a SEMI-PERMEABLE membrane from a solution of LOW SOLUTE concentration to one of a HIGHER SOLUTE concentration

• Dose not require energy expenditure by cells

Osmosis

The permeability coefficient of the barrier is _________________ to the molecular size of the solute that is passing through

inversely proportional

The permeability coefficient of the barrier is _________________ to the mobility of the solute molecules in the medium

directly proportional

The permeability coefficient of the barrier is _________________ to the thickness of the membrane and viscosity of the medium

INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL

Low solute concentration = ___________ water concentration
High solute concentration = ____________ water concentration

increased
decreased

___________________

• transport of substance TOO LARGE FOR DIFFUSION or passage through protein channels from the outside of the cell to the cell interior

• Passage WITHOUT PASSING THROUGH THE LIPID BILAYER

• Makes use of VESICLE; ENERGY DEPENDENT PROCESS

Endocytosis

What are the 3 types of Endocytosis?

1. -

2. -

3. -

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor mediated endocytosis

_____________ - pumapasok sa cell are particulate/LARGE matters

_____________ - pumapasok sa cell are SOLUBLE SMALL MOLECULES in a small volume of fluid
_____________ - the extracellular molecules are usually bound to integral proteins (nakakabit sa integral proteins bago mag-endocytosize)

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor mediated endocytosis

__________________

• intracellular materials in a vesicle is EXPELLED FROM THE CELL when the VESICLE FUSES WITH THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

• Requires energy

• Ung vesicle na nagccarry ng molecule, ididikit niya ung sarili niya sa boundary ng plasma membrane para mailabas niya ung substance na gusto maexpel out of the cell

Exocytosis

Both ____________ and ______________ allow the shuttling of receptors or transporters from the plasma membrane to an intracellular compartment for the purpose of regulating the insertion or removal of the receptor, channel, or transporter in the plasma membrane in appropriate circumstances

Simplified: Through both these processes, ung mga receptors mo or transporters na nandun sa plasma membrane is pwede mo ipasok sa pinakaintracellular part ng cell

Endocytosis
Exocytosis

__________________

• movement of substance that CANNOT FREELY CROSS THE MEMBRANE down an electrochemical gradient

• DOES NOT require metabolic energy

• Merong aid/transporters to diffuse the substance

Example:

1. Insulin-dependent glucose transporter —> how plasma glucose enters the cell

2. Ion specific channels —> sodium, potassium, chloride

Facilitated diffusion

What are the 2 types of ion specific channels?

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2. -

Ligand-gated ion channel
Voltage-gated ion channel

_____________ —> nag-oopen in response to an EXTRACELLULAR HORMONE


_____________ —> nag-oopen lang if nagkakaroon ka ng CHANGES SA ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ng plasma membrane

Ligand-gated ion channel
Voltage-gated ion channel

________________

• REQUIRES ENERGY

• has 2 types: Primary or Secondary

Active transport

__________________

• gumagamit ng PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORTERS

Examples of primary active transporters:

1. _______________ - to carry specific ions against an electrochemical gradient

2. _______________ - transporter that transport SODIUM and POTASSIUM

3. _______________ - particularly seen in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, renal tubules, intestine, cardiac muscle

4. _______________ - seen in gastric parietal cells, involved in producing HYDROGEN and GASTRIC ACID

Primary active transport
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Na-K-ATPase
Ca-ATPase
H/K ATPase

_________________

• carry ONE SOLUTE across the membrane

• requires NO ADDED ENERGY if the movement is DOWN the electrochemical gradient, but if AGAINST the gradient, there is a need for energy

Uniporter

_____________________ are secondary active transporters that move TWO SOLUTES in the SAME direction

Example:

1. _______________ —> seen in ascending limb ng renal tubule

2. _______________ —> seen in proximal tubule cells ng nephrons —> the one that links the reabsorption or resorption of filtered glucose to the resorption of sodium

Symporters
Na-K-2Cl cotransporter
Sodium glucose transport protein

________________ transport TWO SOLUTES in OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS across the cell membrane

Examples:

1. _________________ —> seen in cardiac muslces/heart

2. _________________ —> to prevent the cytosol from being too basic during the intracellular accumulation of bicarbonate by extruding intracellular bicarbonate and taking up chloride in exchange

Antiporters
Ca/Na antiporter
Cl/HCO3 antiporter