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20 Terms

1

Pre-Colonization

Indigenous people lived in North America long before European settlers arrived.

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2

Columbus' Misnomer

Christopher Columbus mistakenly called indigenous people 'Indians', a term that persisted until 'Native Americans' became widely used.

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3

Geographical Spread

Tribes were spread across North America, from coast to coast.

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4

Introduction of Horses

Spanish explorers introduced horses to Plains Indians, enabling them to travel faster and become nomadic.

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5

Social Structure

Tribes were divided into smaller societies or 'bands', with chiefs as leaders and a council managing affairs.

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6

Marriages & Unity

Marriages outside the tribe were rare, leading to conflicts between tribes.

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7

U.S. Territorial Claims

By the early 19th century, the U.S. claimed most of North America, subjecting tribes to federal regulation.

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8

Broken Treaties & Land Grabs

Treaties were often ignored, leading to unlawful removals of tribes as white settlers coveted Indian lands.

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9

Concentration Policy (1851)

Aimed to relocate Indians to less fertile land to accommodate white settlers.

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10

Reservation System

Tribes like the Sioux were confined to small areas and the policy was primarily about seizing land.

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11

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

Initially controlled militarily, it oversaw reservations but was plagued by corruption.

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12

Constant Warfare

Indians resisted white encroachment, leading to ongoing battles with U.S. military forces.

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13

Sand Creek Massacre (1864)

U.S. troops attacked and massacred about 400 Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians.

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14

Sioux War & Battle of Little Bighorn (1876–77)

Sioux, led by Chief Sitting Bull, resisted relocation and saw Custer's forces annihilated.

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15

Nez Perce War (1877)

Led by Chief Joseph, the Nez Perce resisted relocation but were ultimately captured.

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16

Apache Resistance

Some Apache adapted to reservation life, while others fought a guerrilla war under Geronimo and Cochise.

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17

Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)

U.S. troops slaughtered over 200 Sioux, marking the end of the Indian Wars.

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18

Destruction of Buffalo

U.S. policy encouraged buffalo slaughter to weaken Indian resistance, leading to population decline.

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19

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

Gave each Indian family head 160 acres of land, ending tribal land ownership and losing two-thirds of Indian lands.

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20

Cultural Survival Efforts

Modern leaders continue to fight for the preservation of Indian lands and heritage despite past assimilation efforts.

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