module 3

One of the obstacles to German unification from 1815 to 1860 was

the rivalry between Prussia and Austria

One of the main purposes of the Congress of Vienna was

restoring Europe to pre-1790 boundaries

In Germany the Congress of Vienna created a

new German Confederation including Austria and Prussia

The Troppau Protocol, signed by Russia, Prussia, and Austria called upon the signatories to

aid one another in suppressing revolution

Because of Bismarck’s Austro-Prussian War, Austria was

excluded from the North German Confederation

The Augsleich created the

Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

Russia’s right to protect Christian shrines in Palestine was

an immediate cause of the Crimean War

The French economy of the 18th century was growing due to

an expansion of foreign trade and industry

In the French Revolution:

Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were executed, the National Convention proclaimed an end to the monarchy and proclaimed a new French Republic

The French Revolution was caused by

the government’s failure to resolve debts and economic problems

The chief reason for Napoleon’s fast rise to power

his series of stunning victories over the enemies of France

Napoleon’s Continental System represented

economic warfare waged against England to ruin the nation he could not defeat militarily

In 1798, Napoleon attempted to defeat the British by

attacking their Egyptian and Eastern colonies

The defeat of Napoleon’s army was caused by

the Czar’s scorched earth policy, Russia’s climate and weather, and the Czar’s destruction of Moscow

The Third Estate formed a “National Assembly” because of

the controversy over voting by order, rather than voting by head in the Estates'-General

The National Assembly’s plan for a constitutional monarchy was

undermined by the attempted flight of the royal family

The Declaration of the Rights of Man, adopted by the National Assembly, was

a document stating the Principles of the French Revolution

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy placed

the Catholic Church in France under the control of the government

The Reign of Terror during the French Revolution was to:

protect the New French Republic from its enemies and to satisfy the demands by the Sans-culottes for immediate action against those enemies

The revolution of 1848 in France ultimately resulted in

a new French Empire under Louis Napoleon

During the French Revolution, developments such as the attack on the Catholic Church, new laws on marriage and divorce, and the adoption of the revolutionary calendar were part of the phase of the Revolution called

the Republic of Virtue

The Boulanger Crisis in France had the end result of

rallying French citizens to the cause of the Republic

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizens owed much to the ideas of

the American Declaration of Independence

Edmund Burke supported the American Revolution but denounced

the French Revolution

Regarding 1848 revolutions:

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte took power as president in France, Louis Kossuth fled to Great Britain after the Hungarian revolution failed, and Charles Albert led the Italian war for independence and resigned the throne of Sardinia in favor of Victor Emmanuel II

The Romantic movement can be viewed as

a reaction against the Enlightenment’s preoccupation with reason

At the Congress of Vienna, the Austrian representative Prince Metternich pursued

the policy of legitimacy, to restore legitimate monarchs on their thrones and to preserve traditional institutions and values

During the Congress of Vienna the former anti-Napoleonic Allies nearly went to war over

a proposed Russian protectorate in Poland

To maintain Europe’s balance of power

France was not treated harshly at the Congress of Vienna

Conservatism sought to

preserve the achievements of previous generations by subordinating individual rights to communal welfare

European Nationalism led to the

unification of Austria and the Ottoman Empire which threatened the stability of Germany and Italy

Chancellor Bismarck of Germany passed social welfare legislation to

woo workers away from the Social Democrats

Refers to Bismarck’s unsuccessful attack on the Catholic Church

Kulturkampf

Following the death of Alexander I in 1825

Russian society under Nicholas I became a police state, as the Czar feared both internal and external revolutionary upheavals

Marx believed in economic interpretation of

history

Marx would not have expected the 1917 Communist Revolution to take place in Russia because

Russia was largely an agricultural society

Italian Unification came when

Cavour provoked Austria by encouraging dissidents and harboring deserters, the Hapsburg states in northern Italy threw their support behind Piedmont-Sardinia, and Giuseppe Garibaldi led the republican Red Shirts in conquering Sicily and Naples and then stepped aside to allow the union of northern and southern Italy

The explosion of the European population during the nineteenth century came mainly because of

the disappearance of famine from western Europe

The Dreyfus affair exemplified the renewed anti-Semitism in

France

The first modern factories in Britain were the result of

the cotton industry

The first modern use of concentration camps came during

the Boer War

The revolt in Greece was largely successful due to

European intervention

Russia’s loss of the Russo-Japanese War led to

the failed Revolution of 1905

“White Man’s Burden” refers to the belief that it was Western Europe’s responsibility to

share its “superior” culture with “inferior” nations elsewhere

When looking for colonies, imperialist nations focused on

undeveloped natural resources

Consolidating separate states into a unified nation became common during

the last half of the 19th century

Britain became dependent upon coal because of the success brought by

the steam engine

The industrial revolution began in Britain mainly because of

the considerable money available for investment

Problems in the mining industry in Britain were triggered by

the invention of the steam engine

New Imperialism was characterized by:

the scramble for Africa, conflict of guano in the Pacific, and the emergence of Japan as a western style competitor