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One of the obstacles to German unification from 1815 to 1860 was
the rivalry between Prussia and Austria
One of the main purposes of the Congress of Vienna was
restoring Europe to pre-1790 boundaries
In Germany the Congress of Vienna created a
new German Confederation including Austria and Prussia
The Troppau Protocol, signed by Russia, Prussia, and Austria called upon the signatories to
aid one another in suppressing revolution
Because of Bismarck’s Austro-Prussian War, Austria was
excluded from the North German Confederation
The Augsleich created the
Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary
Russia’s right to protect Christian shrines in Palestine was
an immediate cause of the Crimean War
The French economy of the 18th century was growing due to
an expansion of foreign trade and industry
In the French Revolution:
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were executed, the National Convention proclaimed an end to the monarchy and proclaimed a new French Republic
The French Revolution was caused by
the government’s failure to resolve debts and economic problems
The chief reason for Napoleon’s fast rise to power
his series of stunning victories over the enemies of France
Napoleon’s Continental System represented
economic warfare waged against England to ruin the nation he could not defeat militarily
In 1798, Napoleon attempted to defeat the British by
attacking their Egyptian and Eastern colonies
The defeat of Napoleon’s army was caused by
the Czar’s scorched earth policy, Russia’s climate and weather, and the Czar’s destruction of Moscow
The Third Estate formed a “National Assembly” because of
the controversy over voting by order, rather than voting by head in the Estates'-General
The National Assembly’s plan for a constitutional monarchy was
undermined by the attempted flight of the royal family
The Declaration of the Rights of Man, adopted by the National Assembly, was
a document stating the Principles of the French Revolution
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy placed
the Catholic Church in France under the control of the government
The Reign of Terror during the French Revolution was to:
protect the New French Republic from its enemies and to satisfy the demands by the Sans-culottes for immediate action against those enemies
The revolution of 1848 in France ultimately resulted in
a new French Empire under Louis Napoleon
During the French Revolution, developments such as the attack on the Catholic Church, new laws on marriage and divorce, and the adoption of the revolutionary calendar were part of the phase of the Revolution called
the Republic of Virtue
The Boulanger Crisis in France had the end result of
rallying French citizens to the cause of the Republic
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizens owed much to the ideas of
the American Declaration of Independence
Edmund Burke supported the American Revolution but denounced
the French Revolution
Regarding 1848 revolutions:
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte took power as president in France, Louis Kossuth fled to Great Britain after the Hungarian revolution failed, and Charles Albert led the Italian war for independence and resigned the throne of Sardinia in favor of Victor Emmanuel II
The Romantic movement can be viewed as
a reaction against the Enlightenment’s preoccupation with reason
At the Congress of Vienna, the Austrian representative Prince Metternich pursued
the policy of legitimacy, to restore legitimate monarchs on their thrones and to preserve traditional institutions and values
During the Congress of Vienna the former anti-Napoleonic Allies nearly went to war over
a proposed Russian protectorate in Poland
To maintain Europe’s balance of power
France was not treated harshly at the Congress of Vienna
Conservatism sought to
preserve the achievements of previous generations by subordinating individual rights to communal welfare
European Nationalism led to the
unification of Austria and the Ottoman Empire which threatened the stability of Germany and Italy
Chancellor Bismarck of Germany passed social welfare legislation to
woo workers away from the Social Democrats
Refers to Bismarck’s unsuccessful attack on the Catholic Church
Kulturkampf
Following the death of Alexander I in 1825
Russian society under Nicholas I became a police state, as the Czar feared both internal and external revolutionary upheavals
Marx believed in economic interpretation of
history
Marx would not have expected the 1917 Communist Revolution to take place in Russia because
Russia was largely an agricultural society
Italian Unification came when
Cavour provoked Austria by encouraging dissidents and harboring deserters, the Hapsburg states in northern Italy threw their support behind Piedmont-Sardinia, and Giuseppe Garibaldi led the republican Red Shirts in conquering Sicily and Naples and then stepped aside to allow the union of northern and southern Italy
The explosion of the European population during the nineteenth century came mainly because of
the disappearance of famine from western Europe
The Dreyfus affair exemplified the renewed anti-Semitism in
France
The first modern factories in Britain were the result of
the cotton industry
The first modern use of concentration camps came during
the Boer War
The revolt in Greece was largely successful due to
European intervention
Russia’s loss of the Russo-Japanese War led to
the failed Revolution of 1905
“White Man’s Burden” refers to the belief that it was Western Europe’s responsibility to
share its “superior” culture with “inferior” nations elsewhere
When looking for colonies, imperialist nations focused on
undeveloped natural resources
Consolidating separate states into a unified nation became common during
the last half of the 19th century
Britain became dependent upon coal because of the success brought by
the steam engine
The industrial revolution began in Britain mainly because of
the considerable money available for investment
Problems in the mining industry in Britain were triggered by
the invention of the steam engine
New Imperialism was characterized by:
the scramble for Africa, conflict of guano in the Pacific, and the emergence of Japan as a western style competitor
