Chapter 11 childhood disorder and aging

1. What % of children and adolescents in the US experience a diagnosable psychologi- cal

disorder?

20%)

2. Anxiety disorders in children are very common - what are the symptoms in children?? Are they

often related to current events?

Bedwetting, nightmares, temper tantrums, and restlessness are other problems experienced by many children - considered “normal”

Physical and sexual changes, social and academic pressures, personal doubts, and temptation cause many teenagers to feel nervous, confused, and depressed

 

·A particular concern among children and adolescents is being bullied

3. Describe “Separation Anxiety Disorder”

Separation anxiety disorder, one of the most common childhood anxiety disorders,

·**4 to 10% of all children

 

·Sufferers feel extreme anxiety, often panic, whenever they are separated from home or a parent

 

·A separation anxiety disorder may develop into a school phobia or school refusal – a common problem in which children fear going to school and often stay home for a long period

4. What % of adolescents experience Major Depressive Disorder?

20%

5. Describe symptoms of childhood depression.

headaches, stomach pain, irritability, and a disinterest in toys and games

6. What is the difference in rates of depression between males and females pre and post puberty?

While there is no difference between rates of depression in boys and girls before the age of about 12, girls are twice as likely as boys to be depressed by the age of 16

7. Might the diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder be over-applied in children?

The DSM-5 task force concluded that the childhood bipolar label has been over applied and, to rectify the situation, DSM-5 included a new category:    

·***disruptive mood dysregulation disorder,which is targeted for children with severe patterns of rage***

Explain. Why is this important? (Medications)

8. Name the disorder given to children with severe patterns of rage

Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder

9. Describe Oppositional Defiant Disorder. What are the symptoms?? - is this diagnosed more often in males or females. How does puberty affect this?

Children who consistently show extreme hostility and defiance may qualify for a diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder

 Children with oppositional defiant disorder are argumentative and defiant, angry and irritable, and, in some cases, vindictive

The disorder is more common in boys than girls before puberty, but equal in both sexes after puberty

10. Define Conduct Disorder.

a more severe problem, repeatedly violate the basic rights of others

 They are often aggressive and may be physically cruel to people and animals

 Many steal from, threaten, or harm their victims, committing crimes as shoplifting, forgery, mugging, and armed robbery

11. What are some of the risk factors for the development of Conduct Disorder?

Children with a mild conduct disorder may improve over time, but severe cases frequently continue into adulthood and develop into antisocial personality disorder or other psychological problems

12. What are some of the approaches to treatment of Conduct Disorder? Have juvenile

training facilities been effective in the treatment of Conduct Disorder?

treatments for conduct disorder are generally most effective with children younger than 13

 Given the importance of family factors in conduct disorder, therapists often use family interventions

 Other sociocultural approaches, such as residential treatment in the community (foster care) and programs at school, have also helped some children improve

 In contrast to these other approaches, institutionalization in juvenile training centers has not met with much success and may strengthen delinquent behavior

Treatments that focus primarily on the child with conduct disorder, particularly cognitive-behavioral interventions, have achieved some success

13. Describe the symptoms of ADHD

difficulty concentrating, staying on task, deciding what is important. Appear impulsive and overactive

·Learning or communication problems

·Poor school performance

·Difficulty interacting with other children

·Misbehavior, often serious

·Mood or anxiety problems

14. What % of children overall and what % of boys in the US are diagnosed with ADHD

in US 8.4% of children 3-17 yr have been Dx w/ADHD

•in US 12% of boys 3-17 yr have been Dx w/ADHD

15. What neurotransmitters are believed to play a role in ADHD? Are these neurotrans-

mitters believed to be in higher or lower concentrations in the brains of those suffer-

ing from ADHD

combo of lower NE (causing inattention/distractibility) and lower DA (causing impulsiveness - remember DA is imp in reward pathways, planning and problem solving)

•Ritalin and Adderall increase NE and DA and allows for increased attention and more control of impulsivity

16. How do the drugs used for ADHD work?

The most commonly used treatment:

·**drug therapy to increase DA and NE + behavioral therapy (+ reinforcement), or a combination

·It is estimated that 2.2 million children in the US, 3% of all school children, take Ritalin or Adderall or other stimulant drugs for ADHD

17. What % of children with ADHD go on to be adults with ADHD?

Between 35% and 60%

18. What is the estimated % of school children on stimulant drugs?

3%

19. What type of behavioral therapy is often used for ADHD?

Behavioral therapy has been applied in many cases of ADHD

 

·Parents and teachers learn how to apply operant conditioning techniques to change behavior (POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT!)

20. What are the main symptoms associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

1. extreme unresponsiveness to other people,

·2. severe communication deficits, and

·3. highly rigid and repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities

21. Approximately how many children will be diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder

What % of these will be male?

1/150 

80%

22. Approximately what % of children diagnosed with Autism will remain severely dis-

abled into adulthood?

90%

23. Is a genetic component believed to be a factor in Autism?

Prevalence rates are higher among siblings and highest among identical twins

24. Describe the treatment approaches to Autism Spectrum Disorder.

no known treatment totally reverses the autistic pattern

 

·Treatments of particular help:

·1. cognitive-behavioral therapy,

·2. communication training,

·3. parent training, and

·4. community integration

 

·Behavioral approaches have been used in cases of autism to teach new, appropriate behaviors – including speech, social skills, classroom skills, and self-help skills – while reducing negative behaviors

25. Approximately what % of the elderly struggle with depression?

20%

26. Does the prevalence of anxiety increase or decrease with age?

Incresses

27. Define “Neurocognitive Disorder”?

significant decline in at least one (often more than one) area of cognitive functioning, such as:memory and learning, attention, visual perception, planning and decision making, language ability, or social awareness

28. Which disease accounts for approximately 2/3rds of neurocognitive disorders?

Alzheimer’s

29. Describe the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.

1. mild memory problems,

·2. lapses of attention, and

·3. difficulties in language and communication

30. What are the 3 main ideas of causation of Alzheimers?

1. reduced synthesis of ACH. Meds that increase ACH appear to have a + effect early in the course of the disease

•2. Amyloid (a small protein)- Amyloid deposits accumulate around neurons ( a protein gone bad) with the effect being damage to dendrite, decreased synaptic input. As plaques accumulate, the brain begins to atrophy. THESE ARE OUTSIDE THE NEURON

•3. Tau Protein - proteins that stabilize microtubules in neurons.THESE ARE INSIDE THE NEURON

31. Are amyloid plaques inside or outside of the neurons?

Outside