VET ANAT LEC 2.1-2.2

INTRODUCTION TO VET ANAT -Major subjects in vet anat -Important People in the Field of Science and Medicine -Branches of Veterinary Anatomy - Topographical terms - Planes of sections - Directional Terms

Zootechniques

deals with methods and techniques applied in animal production

Anatomy

deals with normal body parts

Physiology

the study of normal body functions in relation to body parts

Microbiology

deals with microbes such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other organisms with uncertain taxonomic classifications

Parasitology

deals with parasites of clinical importance such as worms, insects, arachnids, and protozoans

Pathology

deals with diseases as reflections of body responses to injuries and insults

Pharmacology

the study of drugs, recommended dosages, indications, contraindications, and adverse effects

Medicine & surgery

deals with the nature, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of animal diseases

Aristotle

• Father of biology

• Postulated the 4 elements of life

Hippocrates

• Father of human medicine

• Postulated the 4 humors of life

Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus

Father of veterinary medicine

Charles Darwin

Father of evolution

Carolus van Linnaeus

Father of taxonomy, the study of systematic classification of organisms

Louis Pasteur

• Father of foundations of microbiology

• Also considered as the father of modern microbiology

Robert Koch

• Father of modern bacteriology

• Also considered as the father of modern microbiology

Johann Gregor Mendel

Father of genetics

Galen or Galenus of Pergamon

Father of human anatomy

Andreas Versalius

Father of comparative anatomy

Karl Earnst von Baer

Father of Embryology

Rudolf Leuckart

• Father of modern parasitology

• discovered more about protozoa

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

• Father of protozoology

• discovered protozoa first

William Harvey

• Father of Physiology

• discovered the process of blood circulation in 1628

Rudolf Virchow

Father of modern pathology

Paracelsus or Philippus Aurelous Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim

Grandfather of Pharmacology

Robert Hooke

the first to observe cells under the microscope from thin slices of cork in 1665

Matthias Schleiden

the botanist who postulated the cellular theory of life (all life forms are made up of cells)

Theodore Schwann

the zoologist who postulated the cellular theory of life (all life forms are made up of cells)

Watson and Crick

They postulated that DNA consisted of double helical strands

Paul Ehrlich

in 1910, he discovered the first antimicrobial SALVARSAN

Alexander Flemming

in 1928, he discovered Penicillin, the drug choice for gram positive (now known as VANCOMYCIN)

Selman

in 1943, he discovered the antibiotic STREPTOMYCIN, the drug choice for gram negative (now known as GENTAMICIN)

Anatomy

it emphasizes on parts and structures of higher forms of animals especially animals with backbones

Morphology

emphasizes on forms and structures of lower forms of animals especially in animals without backbones (i.e., invertebrates) and plants

Morphoanatomy

Deals with anatomical forms with emphasis on distinguishing characteristics between different animal species

Morphophysiology

Deals with interrelationship between anatomical forms and body functions

Developmental anatomy or Embryology

deals with embryonic and fetal development of organisms

Macroscopic anatomy or Gross anatomy

deals with body parts visible to the naked eye

Osteology

Study of bones

Myology

Study of muscles

Arthrology

Study of Joints and Articulation

Splanchnology

Study of Visceral organs (i.e., internal organs of digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems)

Aesthesiology

study of eyes and ears

Angiology

Study of circulatory structures

Neurology

Study of nervous structures

Microscopic anatomy or Histology

Deals with body parts invisible to the naked eye but can be viewed through a microscope

Comparative Veterinary Anatomy

• deals with similarities and differences between body parts of domestic animals including horse, cattle, pig, sheep, goat, dog, cat, and chicken
  

Cell

it is the basic structural and functional unit of life capable of performing series of physical and chemical processes

Tissue

an aggregate of cells performing a specific function

Cell

the simplest organization of body structures

Organism

the most complex organization of body structures

Plane of sections

These are imaginary lines used descriptively to divide the body into sections

Longitudinal Median/Midsagittal plane

situated along the longitudinal axis and it divides the body into left and right sides equally

Sagittal/Tangential plane

• any plane parallel to the longitudinal median plane

Transverse/Horizontal/Cross sectional plane

• any plane perpendicular to the longitudinal median plane

• it divides the body into cranial and caudal parts

Frontal/Coronal/Dorsal plane

any plane perpendicular to both longitudinal and median plane and transverse plane; it divides the body into dorsal and ventral sides

Dorsal

upper side of a body part

Ventral

lower side of a body part

Cranial/Anterior

any part facing or towards the head

Caudal/Posterior

any part facing or towards the tail

Rostral

Cranial end of the head (towards the nose)

Cephalic

descriptive term pertaining to the head of a developing embryo

Proximal

extremities near the midline

Distal

extremities away from the midline

Medial

surface near the midline

Lateral

surface away from the midline

superior

uppermost/above of parts facing the head

Inferior

lowermost/below or parts facing the tail

solid organs

these are organs without cavities inside

superficial/cortical/cortex (blue in picture)

outer/peripheral region of a solid organ

deep/medullary/medulla (yellow in picture)

central/internalregion of a solid organ

manus

other term for hands

pes

other term for feet

Palmar (blue in picture)

ventral/caudal surface of the manus which touches the ground

Plantar (red in picture)

ventral/caudal surface of the pes which touches the ground

Volar (yellow in picture)

dorsal surface of the manus and pes opposite to the palmar and plantar aspects

Lingual

surface of the teeth facing the tongue

Labial

surface of the teeth facing the lips

Occlusal

surface of the teeth in contact with upper and lower sets of teeth