Chemistry Test 1: Atomic Structure, Periodic Table, and Bonding Concepts

What are the subatomic particles in an atom and their characteristics?

Subatomic particles include protons (positive charge, mass of 1), neutrons (no charge, mass of 1), and electrons (negative charge, negligible mass).

How does the number of protons relate to an element's atomic number?

The number of protons in an atom determines its atomic number, which is unique to each element.

What is the difference between atomic number and mass number?

Atomic number is the number of protons, while mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

What is the relationship between protons and electrons in neutral atoms?

In neutral atoms, the number of protons equals the number of electrons, resulting in no overall charge.

What is the electron configuration for the first twenty elements?

Electron configurations can be drawn using Bohr diagrams, showing the arrangement of electrons in energy levels.

What defines an ion and how is it formed?

An ion is formed when an atom gains or loses electrons, resulting in a net electrical charge.

What is the significance of valence electrons in the periodic table?

Valence electrons determine an element's chemical reactivity and are related to its position in groups on the periodic table.

How is the periodic table organized?

The periodic table is organized into groups (columns) and periods (rows), reflecting the properties of elements.

What trends can be observed in the periodic table regarding atomic radius and reactivity?

Atomic radius generally increases down a group and decreases across a period; reactivity varies among groups.

How do ionic bonds form?

Ionic bonds form through the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

What are the properties of ionic compounds?

Ionic compounds have high melting temperatures, are hard at room temperature, conduct electricity when liquid, and are brittle.

What defines covalent bonding?

Covalent bonds form when two atoms share electrons to achieve a full outer shell.

What are Lewis diagrams and their purpose?

Lewis diagrams represent covalent bonding by showing the arrangement of valence electrons around atoms.

What is the difference between intermolecular and intramolecular bonds?

Intramolecular bonds occur within a molecule (e.g., covalent bonds), while intermolecular bonds occur between molecules.

What are the properties of covalent compounds?

Covalent compounds have low melting temperatures, are soft at room temperature, cannot conduct electricity, and are malleable.

How do metallic bonds form?

Metallic bonds form through the sharing of free electrons among a lattice of metal atoms.

What are the properties of metals due to metallic bonding?

Metals have high melting temperatures, are hard at room temperature, can conduct electricity, and are malleable.

What role do atomic radius and valence electrons play in element reactivity?

Atomic radius affects the distance between the nucleus and valence electrons, influencing how easily an atom can lose or gain electrons.

How can the periodic table be used to predict the chemical formulas of ionic compounds?

The periodic table helps identify the charges of ions, allowing for the prediction of the ratios of ions in ionic compounds.

What happens to the structure of ionic compounds in different states?

Ionic compounds are rigid and form a lattice structure in solid state, while they can conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water.