bio keystone pt 1

Asexual

Asexual

Formation of a new organism from one parent: organism is a clone

Sexual

Two cells from different parents unite to produce the 1st cell of new organism

Autotroph

Obtains energy from the sun

Heterotroph

Obtains energy from consuming other organisms

Homeostasis

Keeping internal condition stable relative to the external environment

Hypothesis

A scientific explanation for a set of observations that can be tested in ways that support or reject it

Cohesion

Water sticking to water

Adhesion

Water sticking to something else

Specific Heat

The amount of energy required to raise one gram of water 1 degree Celsius

Valence Shell

Enables east formation of four covalent bond

Covalent Bonds

Sharing of electrons between two atoms

Carbon

Has the ability to form long chains by forming several bonds in a row

Variety

Created by the many partners that carbon can bond with

Polarity

A description of the balance of charges in a molecule

Polar

The charges are not balanced

Nonpolar

There is a balance of charges

Macromolecules

Very large molecules that are mostly polymers

Polymers

Long chains on bonded groups

Monomers

The molecules that link to form polymers

Dehydration Synthesis

Generates bonds and is a common way for polymers to form

Hydrolysis

The process of breaking apart by adding water

Carbohydrates

Broken down through hydrolysis to serve as fuel for the body or a source of carbon

Saccharide

Sugar

Monosaccharide

1 sugar

Disaccharide

2 sugars

Polysaccharide

More than 2 sugars

Cellular Respiration

The process through which the body generates energy, or ATP

Lipids

Nonpolar macromolecules made from long carbon chains and can be saturated or unsaturated

Fats

Store large amounts of energy

Phospholipids

Compose cell membranes

Steroids

Made of four connected carbon rings with functional groups attached

Saturated

Have a linear shape and only single bonds between carbons

Unsaturated

Have a nonlinear shape and double or triple bonds

Proteins

Amino acid polymers that are essential to life

Amino Acids

Have amino and carboxylic acid groups and are unique by the "R" group

Nucleic Acids

Polymers of nucleotides

Nucleotides

Monomers that consist of pentose attached to a phosphate group and nitrogen base

Pentose

Deoxyribose or ribose

DNA and RNA

Central to heredity and are made unique by the nitrogenous base that is attached

Nitrogenous Bases

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil, Adenine, or Guanine

Catalysts

Increase the rate of a reaction without being changed by the reaction

Substrates

The reactants on which enzymes work

Rate of Reaction

Increased by the presence of specific enzymes

Active Site

Part of an enzyme that interacts with a substrate

Enzyme Reaction Rates

Impacted by temperature, pH and substrate concentration

Temperature

A measure of kinetic energy

Kinetic Energy

The energy of motion

pH

Measures acidity

Concentration

A measure of how many substrate molecules are present in a given volume

Point Of Saturation

The concentration where the reaction rate is maximized

Organic Compounds

Containing carbon and hydrogen

Oxygen Acts...

Negative

Hydrogen Acts...

Positive

Carbohydrates have a...

1:2:1 ratio of the elements C:H:O

Cell Theory

1. All living things are made of cells

2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things

3. New cells are produced from existing cells

Prokaryotic Cells

Single-celled organisms that lack internal membrane-bound compartments

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells with membrane-bound compartments with organelles such as the nucleus

Cell Membrane

Surrounds the cell

Nucleus

Control center for all cell functions

Nucleolus

Site of RNA synthesis, and it may also be responsible for the production of ribosomes

Cytoplasm

The material in the cell, outside the nucleus

Mitochondria

Found in the cytoplasm

Chloroplasts

Contain green pigment called chlorophyll, which carries on the process of photosynthesis

Ribosomes

Are small, dense granules found free in the cytoplasm and the nucleus and lining the membranes of some endoplasmic reticulum and are made in the nucleolus

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A membrane-bound system of channels or tubes through which materials are transported within the cell

Rough ER

Ribosomes on the surface and is found mainly in cells involved in protein synthesis

Smooth ER

No ribosomes and found mainly in cells involved in the synthesis of nonprotein substances

Golgi Apparatus

Made up of a series of membrane-enclosed sacs, and is usually found near the nucleus

Lysosomes

Sacs of digestive enzymes and keeps the enzymes separated from the rest of the cell contents until they are needed

Vacuoles

Membrane-enclosed structures that are generally filled with water containing various dissolved substances

Centrosome

Small organelles found just outside the nucleus in animals

Centrioles

Two small structures that are necessary for the movement of chromosomes during cell division

Cell Wall

Structure found outside the cell membrane of plant cells and provides support for the cell

Cytoskeleton

A filamentous network of proteins that are associated with the processes that maintain and change cell shape and produce cell movements in animal and bacteria cells. In plants it is responsible for maintains structures within the cell

Microfilaments and Microtubules

The main types of filaments that make up the cytoskeleton

Flagella

1 long tail to move the cell

Differentiation

Cells taking on different jobs

Organelle

Small organs

Passive Transport

Does not require energy and moves from high concentration to low

Diffusion

The movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density

Facilitated Diffusion

Transport proteins help ions and polar molecule diffuse through the membrane

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Active Transport

Requires energy and moves from low concentration to high

Endocytosis

The movement of a large substance INTO a cel by means of a vesicle

Phagocytosis

Moves food; "cell eating"

Pinocytosis

Moves water; "cell drinking"

Exocytosis

The movement of material OUT of a cell by means of a vesicle

Contractile Vacuole

Stores water but can pump it out

Hypotonic Solution

A low solute/high water concentration OUTSIDE of the cell; water moves INTO a cell

Hypertonic Solution

A high solute/low water concentration OUTSIDE of a cell;water moves OUT OF a cell

Isotonic Solution

An equal solute/water concentration both INSIDE and OUTSIDE a cell

Laws Of Thermodynamics

No energy can be created or destroyed, it can only change forms

Catabolic Pathways

Break down molecules

Anabolic Pathways

Build up molecules

C6H12O6+6O2-> 6CO2+ 6H2O+energy

Cell Respiration

Aerobic

Oxygen is present

Anaerobic

Oxygen is NOT present

Glycolysis

Occurs in the cytoplasm for prokaryotes and eukaryotes

The Krebs Cycle & ETC

Occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotes

Electron Transport Chain

Most important part of Cell Respiration and pumps hydrogen ions across the membrane into a tiny space