bio keystone pt 1

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111 Terms

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Asexual
Formation of a new organism from one parent: organism is a clone
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Sexual
Two cells from different parents unite to produce the 1st cell of new organism
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Autotroph
Obtains energy from the sun
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Heterotroph
Obtains energy from consuming other organisms
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Homeostasis
Keeping internal condition stable relative to the external environment
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Hypothesis
A scientific explanation for a set of observations that can be tested in ways that support or reject it
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Cohesion
Water sticking to water
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Adhesion
Water sticking to something else
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Specific Heat
The amount of energy required to raise one gram of water 1 degree Celsius
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Valence Shell
Enables east formation of four covalent bond
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Covalent Bonds
Sharing of electrons between two atoms
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Carbon
Has the ability to form long chains by forming several bonds in a row
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Variety
Created by the many partners that carbon can bond with
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Polarity
A description of the balance of charges in a molecule
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Polar
The charges are not balanced
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Nonpolar
There is a balance of charges
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Macromolecules
Very large molecules that are mostly polymers
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Polymers
Long chains on bonded groups
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Monomers
The molecules that link to form polymers
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Dehydration Synthesis
Generates bonds and is a common way for polymers to form
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Hydrolysis
The process of breaking apart by adding water
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Carbohydrates
Broken down through hydrolysis to serve as fuel for the body or a source of carbon
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Saccharide
Sugar
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Monosaccharide
1 sugar
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Disaccharide
2 sugars
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Polysaccharide
More than 2 sugars
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Cellular Respiration
The process through which the body generates energy, or ATP
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Lipids
Nonpolar macromolecules made from long carbon chains and can be saturated or unsaturated
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Fats
Store large amounts of energy
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Phospholipids
Compose cell membranes
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Steroids
Made of four connected carbon rings with functional groups attached
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Saturated
Have a linear shape and only single bonds between carbons
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Unsaturated
Have a nonlinear shape and double or triple bonds
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Proteins
Amino acid polymers that are essential to life
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Amino Acids
Have amino and carboxylic acid groups and are unique by the "R" group
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Nucleic Acids
Polymers of nucleotides
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Nucleotides
Monomers that consist of pentose attached to a phosphate group and nitrogen base
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Pentose
Deoxyribose or ribose
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DNA and RNA
Central to heredity and are made unique by the nitrogenous base that is attached
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Nitrogenous Bases
Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil, Adenine, or Guanine
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Catalysts
Increase the rate of a reaction without being changed by the reaction
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Substrates
The reactants on which enzymes work
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Rate of Reaction
Increased by the presence of specific enzymes
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Active Site
Part of an enzyme that interacts with a substrate
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Enzyme Reaction Rates
Impacted by temperature, pH and substrate concentration
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Temperature
A measure of kinetic energy
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Kinetic Energy
The energy of motion
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pH
Measures acidity
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Concentration
A measure of how many substrate molecules are present in a given volume
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Point Of Saturation
The concentration where the reaction rate is maximized
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Organic Compounds
Containing carbon and hydrogen
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Oxygen Acts...
Negative
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Hydrogen Acts...
Positive
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Carbohydrates have a...
1:2:1 ratio of the elements C:H:O
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Cell Theory

1. All living things are made of cells
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
3. New cells are produced from existing cells
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Prokaryotic Cells
Single-celled organisms that lack internal membrane-bound compartments
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Eukaryotic Cells
Cells with membrane-bound compartments with organelles such as the nucleus
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Cell Membrane
Surrounds the cell
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Nucleus
Control center for all cell functions
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Nucleolus
Site of RNA synthesis, and it may also be responsible for the production of ribosomes
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Cytoplasm
The material in the cell, outside the nucleus
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Mitochondria
Found in the cytoplasm
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Chloroplasts
Contain green pigment called chlorophyll, which carries on the process of photosynthesis
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Ribosomes
Are small, dense granules found free in the cytoplasm and the nucleus and lining the membranes of some endoplasmic reticulum and are made in the nucleolus
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
A membrane-bound system of channels or tubes through which materials are transported within the cell
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Rough ER
Ribosomes on the surface and is found mainly in cells involved in protein synthesis
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Smooth ER
No ribosomes and found mainly in cells involved in the synthesis of nonprotein substances
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Golgi Apparatus
Made up of a series of membrane-enclosed sacs, and is usually found near the nucleus
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Lysosomes
Sacs of digestive enzymes and keeps the enzymes separated from the rest of the cell contents until they are needed
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Vacuoles
Membrane-enclosed structures that are generally filled with water containing various dissolved substances
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Centrosome
Small organelles found just outside the nucleus in animals
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Centrioles
Two small structures that are necessary for the movement of chromosomes during cell division
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Cell Wall
Structure found outside the cell membrane of plant cells and provides support for the cell
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Cytoskeleton
A filamentous network of proteins that are associated with the processes that maintain and change cell shape and produce cell movements in animal and bacteria cells. In plants it is responsible for maintains structures within the cell
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Microfilaments and Microtubules
The main types of filaments that make up the cytoskeleton
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Flagella
1 long tail to move the cell
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Differentiation
Cells taking on different jobs
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Organelle
Small organs
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Passive Transport
Does not require energy and moves from high concentration to low
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Diffusion
The movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density
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Facilitated Diffusion
Transport proteins help ions and polar molecule diffuse through the membrane
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Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
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Active Transport
Requires energy and moves from low concentration to high
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Endocytosis
The movement of a large substance INTO a cel by means of a vesicle
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Phagocytosis
Moves food; "cell eating"
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Pinocytosis
Moves water; "cell drinking"
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Exocytosis
The movement of material OUT of a cell by means of a vesicle
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Contractile Vacuole
Stores water but can pump it out
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Hypotonic Solution
A low solute/high water concentration OUTSIDE of the cell; water moves INTO a cell
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Hypertonic Solution
A high solute/low water concentration OUTSIDE of a cell;water moves OUT OF a cell
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Isotonic Solution
An equal solute/water concentration both INSIDE and OUTSIDE a cell
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Laws Of Thermodynamics
No energy can be created or destroyed, it can only change forms
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Catabolic Pathways
Break down molecules
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Anabolic Pathways
Build up molecules
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C6H12O6+6O2-\> 6CO2+ 6H2O+energy
Cell Respiration
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Aerobic
Oxygen is present
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Anaerobic
Oxygen is NOT present
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Glycolysis
Occurs in the cytoplasm for prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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The Krebs Cycle & ETC
Occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotes
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Electron Transport Chain
Most important part of Cell Respiration and pumps hydrogen ions across the membrane into a tiny space