Asexual
Formation of a new organism from one parent: organism is a clone
Sexual
Two cells from different parents unite to produce the 1st cell of new organism
Autotroph
Obtains energy from the sun
Heterotroph
Obtains energy from consuming other organisms
Homeostasis
Keeping internal condition stable relative to the external environment
Hypothesis
A scientific explanation for a set of observations that can be tested in ways that support or reject it
Cohesion
Water sticking to water
Adhesion
Water sticking to something else
Specific Heat
The amount of energy required to raise one gram of water 1 degree Celsius
Valence Shell
Enables east formation of four covalent bond
Covalent Bonds
Sharing of electrons between two atoms
Carbon
Has the ability to form long chains by forming several bonds in a row
Variety
Created by the many partners that carbon can bond with
Polarity
A description of the balance of charges in a molecule
Polar
The charges are not balanced
Nonpolar
There is a balance of charges
Macromolecules
Very large molecules that are mostly polymers
Polymers
Long chains on bonded groups
Monomers
The molecules that link to form polymers
Dehydration Synthesis
Generates bonds and is a common way for polymers to form
Hydrolysis
The process of breaking apart by adding water
Carbohydrates
Broken down through hydrolysis to serve as fuel for the body or a source of carbon
Saccharide
Sugar
Monosaccharide
1 sugar
Disaccharide
2 sugars
Polysaccharide
More than 2 sugars
Cellular Respiration
The process through which the body generates energy, or ATP
Lipids
Nonpolar macromolecules made from long carbon chains and can be saturated or unsaturated
Fats
Store large amounts of energy
Phospholipids
Compose cell membranes
Steroids
Made of four connected carbon rings with functional groups attached
Saturated
Have a linear shape and only single bonds between carbons
Unsaturated
Have a nonlinear shape and double or triple bonds
Proteins
Amino acid polymers that are essential to life
Amino Acids
Have amino and carboxylic acid groups and are unique by the "R" group
Nucleic Acids
Polymers of nucleotides
Nucleotides
Monomers that consist of pentose attached to a phosphate group and nitrogen base
Pentose
Deoxyribose or ribose
DNA and RNA
Central to heredity and are made unique by the nitrogenous base that is attached
Nitrogenous Bases
Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil, Adenine, or Guanine
Catalysts
Increase the rate of a reaction without being changed by the reaction
Substrates
The reactants on which enzymes work
Rate of Reaction
Increased by the presence of specific enzymes
Active Site
Part of an enzyme that interacts with a substrate
Enzyme Reaction Rates
Impacted by temperature, pH and substrate concentration
Temperature
A measure of kinetic energy
Kinetic Energy
The energy of motion
pH
Measures acidity
Concentration
A measure of how many substrate molecules are present in a given volume
Point Of Saturation
The concentration where the reaction rate is maximized
Organic Compounds
Containing carbon and hydrogen
Oxygen Acts...
Negative
Hydrogen Acts...
Positive
Carbohydrates have a...
1:2:1 ratio of the elements C:H:O
Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
New cells are produced from existing cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Single-celled organisms that lack internal membrane-bound compartments
Eukaryotic Cells
Cells with membrane-bound compartments with organelles such as the nucleus
Cell Membrane
Surrounds the cell
Nucleus
Control center for all cell functions
Nucleolus
Site of RNA synthesis, and it may also be responsible for the production of ribosomes
Cytoplasm
The material in the cell, outside the nucleus
Mitochondria
Found in the cytoplasm
Chloroplasts
Contain green pigment called chlorophyll, which carries on the process of photosynthesis
Ribosomes
Are small, dense granules found free in the cytoplasm and the nucleus and lining the membranes of some endoplasmic reticulum and are made in the nucleolus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A membrane-bound system of channels or tubes through which materials are transported within the cell
Rough ER
Ribosomes on the surface and is found mainly in cells involved in protein synthesis
Smooth ER
No ribosomes and found mainly in cells involved in the synthesis of nonprotein substances
Golgi Apparatus
Made up of a series of membrane-enclosed sacs, and is usually found near the nucleus
Lysosomes
Sacs of digestive enzymes and keeps the enzymes separated from the rest of the cell contents until they are needed
Vacuoles
Membrane-enclosed structures that are generally filled with water containing various dissolved substances
Centrosome
Small organelles found just outside the nucleus in animals
Centrioles
Two small structures that are necessary for the movement of chromosomes during cell division
Cell Wall
Structure found outside the cell membrane of plant cells and provides support for the cell
Cytoskeleton
A filamentous network of proteins that are associated with the processes that maintain and change cell shape and produce cell movements in animal and bacteria cells. In plants it is responsible for maintains structures within the cell
Microfilaments and Microtubules
The main types of filaments that make up the cytoskeleton
Flagella
1 long tail to move the cell
Differentiation
Cells taking on different jobs
Organelle
Small organs
Passive Transport
Does not require energy and moves from high concentration to low
Diffusion
The movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density
Facilitated Diffusion
Transport proteins help ions and polar molecule diffuse through the membrane
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Active Transport
Requires energy and moves from low concentration to high
Endocytosis
The movement of a large substance INTO a cel by means of a vesicle
Phagocytosis
Moves food; "cell eating"
Pinocytosis
Moves water; "cell drinking"
Exocytosis
The movement of material OUT of a cell by means of a vesicle
Contractile Vacuole
Stores water but can pump it out
Hypotonic Solution
A low solute/high water concentration OUTSIDE of the cell; water moves INTO a cell
Hypertonic Solution
A high solute/low water concentration OUTSIDE of a cell;water moves OUT OF a cell
Isotonic Solution
An equal solute/water concentration both INSIDE and OUTSIDE a cell
Laws Of Thermodynamics
No energy can be created or destroyed, it can only change forms
Catabolic Pathways
Break down molecules
Anabolic Pathways
Build up molecules
C6H12O6+6O2-> 6CO2+ 6H2O+energy
Cell Respiration
Aerobic
Oxygen is present
Anaerobic
Oxygen is NOT present
Glycolysis
Occurs in the cytoplasm for prokaryotes and eukaryotes
The Krebs Cycle & ETC
Occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotes
Electron Transport Chain
Most important part of Cell Respiration and pumps hydrogen ions across the membrane into a tiny space