CHAPTER 24:THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: ORGANIC AND BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Aromatic hydrocarbons

________- have carbon atoms that are connected in a planar ring structure, joined by both and delocalized p bonds between carbon atoms.

Phospholipids

________- are similar in chemical structure to fats but have only two fatty acids attached to a glycerol.

Glycogen

________- is a starch- like substance synthesized in the animal body.

Biopolymers

________- are polymers produced from natural sources either chemically synthesized from a biological material or entirely biosynthesized by living organisms.

Geometric Isomers

________- compounds that have the same molecular formula and the same groups bonded to one another but differ in the spatial arrangement of these groups.

Structural Isomers

________- Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different bonding arrangements.

Disaccharides

________- formed when two monosaccharide units can be linked together by a condensation reaction.

Ethers

________- compounds in which two hydrocarbon groups are bonded to one oxygen.

Starch

________- refers to a group of polysaccharides found in plants.

Alpha Helix

________- one of the most important and common secondary structure arrangements; it is held in position by hydrogen bonds between amide H atoms and carbonyl O atoms in the main chain, not the side chains, of the protein.

Ribonucleic acids

________ (RNAs)- are smaller molecules, with molecular weights in the range of 20, 000 to 40, 000 amu.

VSEPR

According to the ________ model, the molecular geometry about each carbon atom in an alkane is tetrahedral.

Hydrocarbons

________ can be divided into four types, depending on the kinds of carbon- carbon bonds in their molecules.

Saponification

________- the hydrolysis of an ester in the presence of a base.

proteins

All ________ are chemically similar, being composed of smaller molecules called amino acids.

Amines

________- are compounds in which one or more of the hydrogens of ammonia are replaced by an alkyl group.

Peptide Bond

________- amide group that is formed by amino acids.

Cellulose

________- an important structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants, many forms of algae and the oomycetes.

Tertiary Structure

________- the shape of a protein in its folded form, determined by all the bends, kinks, and sections of rodlike Alpha Helix, Beta Sheets or flexible coil component.

Lipids

________- are a diverse class of nonpolar biological molecules used by organisms for longterm energy storage and as elements of biological structures.

Biochemistry

________- the chemistry of living organisms.

Polypeptides

________- are formed when a large number of amino acids 17302 are linked together by peptide bonds.

Amide

________- is formed when an amine undergoes a condensation reaction with a carboxylic acid.

Globular proteins

________- folded into a compact, roughly spherical shape.

Alkenes

________- also known as olefins, contain at least one C= C double bond.

Alkynes

________- are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing one or more C𝄙C bonds.

carbohydrate

A(n) ________ is an aldehyde or a ketone that has additional hydroxyl groups.

Chiral

________- a molecule possessing a non- superimposable mirror image.

Racemic Mixture

________- two enantiomers formed precisely in the same quantity.

Quaternary Structure

________- the way the tertiary subunits are arranged.

Nucleotides

________- the monomers of nucleic acid, formed from a five- carbon sugar, a nitrogen- containing organic base, and a phosphate group.

Substitution Reactions

________: One hydrogen atom of the molecule is removed and replaced (substituted) by another atom or group of atoms.

Enantiomers

________- non- superimposable mirror images.

Alkanes

________ consisting of four or more carbon atoms can also form branched chains, and when they do, they are called branched- chain hydrocarbons.

Benzene

________- the simplest and the most important aromatic hydrocarbon.

Monosaccharides

________- simple sugars that can not be broken into smaller molecules by hydrolysis with aqueous acids.

Glycerol

________- an alcohol with three OH groups.

Beta Sheets

________- made of two or more strands of peptides that hydrogen- bond from an amide H in one strand to a carbonyl O in the other strand.

Acetylene

________- simplest alkyne.

Fats

________- lipids derived from glycerol and fatty acids.

Ethene

________- simplest alkene.

Fibroid Proteins

________- forms a second class of proteins; the long coils align more or less in parallel to form long, water- insoluble fibers- providing structural integrity and strength to many kinds of tissue and are the main components of muscle, tendons, and hair.

Polysaccharides

________- are made up of many monosaccharide units joined together.

fatty acid

Polyunsaturated ________- have more than one carbon- carbon double bond in the chain.

Deoxyribonucleic acids

________ (DNAs)- are huge molecules whose molecular weights may range from 6 to 16 million amu.

Amino Acid

________- a molecule containing an amine group- NH2, and a carboxylic acid group,- COOH.

Carboxylic acids

________- contain the carboxyl functional group, often written COOH.

Functional Group

A group of atoms that determines how an organic molecule reacts

Hydrocarbons can be divided into four types, depending on the kinds of carbon

carbon bonds in their molecules

Alkynes

contain at least one C𝄙C triple bond

Aromatic hydrocarbons

have carbon atoms that are connected in a planar ring structure, joined by both and delocalized p bonds between carbon atoms

Structural Isomers

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different bonding arrangements

Alkenes

are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one C=C bond

Ethene

simplest alkene

Geometric Isomers

compounds that have the same molecular formula and the same groups bonded to one another but differ in the spatial arrangement of these groups

Acetylene

simplest alkyne

Addition Reactions

the most characteristic reactions of alkenes and alkynes, in which a reactant is added to the two atoms that form the multiple bond

Benzene

the simplest and the most important aromatic hydrocarbon

Substitution Reactions

One hydrogen atom of the molecule is removed and replaced (substituted) by another atom or group of atoms

Alcohols

are compounds in which one or more hydrogens of a parent hydrocarbon have been replaced by the functional group -OH, called either the hydroxyl group or the alcohol group

Ethers

compounds in which two hydrocarbon groups are bonded to one oxygen

Saponification

the hydrolysis of an ester in the presence of a base

Amines

are compounds in which one or more of the hydrogens of ammonia are replaced by an alkyl group

Amide

is formed when an amine undergoes a condensation reaction with a carboxylic acid

Chiral

a molecule possessing a non-superimposable mirror image

Enantiomers

non-superimposable mirror images

Racemic Mixture

two enantiomers formed precisely in the same quantity

Biochemistry

the chemistry of living organisms

Biopolymers

are polymers produced from natural sources either chemically synthesized from a biological material or entirely biosynthesized by living organisms

Amino Acid

a molecule containing an amine group -NH2, and a carboxylic acid group, -COOH

Peptide Bond

amide group that is formed by amino acids

Polypeptides

are formed when a large number of amino acids 17302 are linked together by peptide bonds

Primary Structure

the sequence of amino acids from the "N terminus" along a protein chain

Secondary Structure

refers to how segments of the protein chain are oriented in a regular pattern

Alpha Helix

one of the most important and common secondary structure arrangements; it is held in position by hydrogen bonds between amide H atoms and carbonyl O atoms in the main chain, not the side chains, of the protein

Tertiary Structure

the shape of a protein in its folded form, determined by all the bends, kinks, and sections of rodlike Alpha Helix, Beta Sheets or flexible coil component

Folding

the process by which the protein adopts its biologically active shape

Globular proteins

folded into a compact, roughly spherical shape

Quaternary Structure

the way the tertiary subunits are arranged

Monosaccharides

simple sugars that cannot be broken into smaller molecules by hydrolysis with aqueous acids

Disaccharides

formed when two monosaccharide units can be linked together by a condensation reaction

Starch

refers to a group of polysaccharides found in plants

Glycogen

is a starch-like substance synthesized in the animal body

Cellulose

an important structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants, many forms of algae and the oomycetes

Lipids

are a diverse class of nonpolar biological molecules used by organisms for longterm energy storage and as elements of biological structures

Fats

lipids derived from glycerol and fatty acids

Glycerol

an alcohol with three OH groups

Fatty acids

are carboxylic acids (RCOOH) in which R is a hydrocarbon chain, usually 15 to 19 carbon atoms in length

Monounsaturated fatty acid

it has only one carbon-carbon double bond in the chain

Phospholipids

are similar in chemical structure to fats but have only two fatty acids attached to a glycerol

Nucleic acids

are a class of biopolymers that are the chemical carriers of an organisms genetic information

Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs)

are huge molecules whose molecular weights may range from 6 to 16 million amu

Ribonucleic acids (RNAs)

are smaller molecules, with molecular weights in the range of 20,000 to 40,000 amu

Nucleotides

the monomers of nucleic acid, formed from a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing organic base, and a phosphate group