Bio Unit 1

measure

metr- or -meter

large

mega-

giant

giga-

one thousand

kilo-

one hundred

hecto-

ten

deka- or deca-

one tenth

deci-

one hundredth

centi-

one thousandth

milli-

small

micro-

what is true regarding evolution?

evolution is a process of biological change in which species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to different environments over time

order of biological organization from least to most complex

molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

what represents emergent properties?

the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

what is true about chemical nutrients in an ecosystem?

they recycle within the ecosystem being constantly reused

what is common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

the use of DNA as the information storage molecules

how does DNA encode information?

in the sequence of nucleotides

why does competition occur relating to natural selection?

organisms typically produce too many offspring, and resources are limited

which illustrates deductive reasoning?

You learned in elementary school that as temperature drops, liquids change into solid form. You are given an unfamiliar liquid and predict that it will become solid if you put it in the freezer.

what is DNA composed of?

nucleotides

what is the appearance of DNA in eukaryotic cells

double helix

what must be true for a hypothesis to be used in science?

it is testable and falsifiable

what is a control experiment?

tests experimental and control groups in parallel

which is true about cells?

both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms are made up of cells

which best demonstrates unity among organisms?

the structure and function of DNA

which types of cells use DNA as their genetic material but DNA not encased within a nuclear envelope?

archaean

what is the correct order of organization of genetic material from smallest to largest?

nucleotide, gene, chromosomes, genome

as letters are to english language, ______ are to genetic information

nucleotides

the universal genetic language of DNA is common to virtually all organisms on Earth, however diverse. What is the best explanation for this fact?

all living things share a common genetic language of DNA because they share a common ancestry

which provides evidence of the common ancestry of all life?

near universality of the genetic code

which is true about genetic information?

all forms of life employ the same genetic code

what does it mean to say that a gene is expressed?

information in DNA is used to make a protein

how many and what kinds of nucleotides does DNA contain?

4: A C T G

why doesn’t a skin cell make crystallin protein?

they do not need them for their function, they contain the crystallin gene but do not express it

an individual is suffering from a streptococcus infection in their throat. Which of the following do the individual and the streptococcus bacteria have in common?

they both are made up of cells

which of the following lists some of the levels of biological organization from less complex to more complex?

atoms, molecules, cells, organs

which is a trace element found in the body?

magnesium

what does “trace” mean in the term trace element

the element is required in very small amounts

how many electrons can the innermost electron shell of an atom hold?

2

which relationship is true of an uncharged atom?

the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons

what determines the types of chemical reactions that an atom participates in?

the number of electrons in the outermost electron shell

a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary procedures is an ______

element

which subatomic particles always has a positive charge?

proton

the reactivity of an atom arises from

the existence of unpaired electron

which best explains why argon (a noble gas) does not react with other elements? Noble gases _____

have completely paired up and stable electron shells

what element does not react with other elements?

helium

under which condition will an atom be the most stable?

when all of the electron orbitals in the valence shell are filled

what does the term “electron orbital” describe?

an electron orbital describes a 3D space where an electron can be found 90% of the time

what type of bond is joining the two hydrogen atoms?

covalent

a _____ refers to two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

molecule

this atom can form up to _____ single covalent bonds

4

a _______ bond joins these two oxygen atoms

double covalent

the brackets indicate a ______ bond

hydrogen

atoms with the same number of protons but with different electrical charges _______

are different ions

in salt what is the nature of the bond between sodium and chlorine?

ionic

an ionic bond involves ________

an attraction between ions of opposite charge

what figure correctly illustrates the nature of the bonding of H2O

what type of bond joins the carbon atom to each of the hydrogen atoms?

single (nonpolar) covalent

type of bonding and number of covalent bonds an atom can form with other atoms is determined by _______

the number of unpaired electrons in the valence shell

a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom form what type of bond in a molecule?

nonpolar covalent bond

hydrogen bonding is most often seen ________

when hydrogen is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom

which of the following is a correct statement about the atoms in ammonia (NH3)?

each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge; the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge

a covalent bond is likely to be polar under which conditions?

one of the atoms sharing electrons is more electronegative than the other atom

which of the following types of bond is broken when water evaporates?

hydrogen bonds

which correctly describes the trends in electronegativity in the periodic table

increases across a period and decreases down a group

how is a covalent bond formed?

two atoms share two electrons

which correctly ranks the atoms in terms of decreasing electronegativity?

O, N, C, H

which atom in this molecule will have the strongest partial positive charge?

the C that’s in C=O

Dr. Haxton says the O-O bond is polar and the C-C bond is nonpolar. A good student would say…

wrong again, Ralph. both bonds are nonpolar

which is the most polar bond listed?

O-H

if you want a molecule that is highly polar, look for one that contains:

H-N

a phrase that applies to covalent bonding and not other kinds of bonds is _____

electron-sharing

what happens when two atoms form a chemical bond?

a chemical bond forms when two atoms transfer or share outer electrons to complete their outer shells

which bonds can form between atoms of equal electronegativity?

van der waals interactions can form between atoms of equal electronegativity

not

non-

against

anti-

with or together with

co-

four

quad- or quat-

first

prim-

single

mono-

equal

iso-

two

di-

three

tri-

many

poly-

from, out of, remove

de-

first

proto-

loosening, split apart

\-lysis

to fear

\-phob

fat

lip-

of neither gender or type

neutr-

to love

\-phil

water

hydro-

to

ad-

chemical equilibrium is reached when ______

the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate so that the concentrations of reactants and products remain the same

electronegativity is

the attraction of an atom for the electrons in a covalent bond

a polar covalent bond between two atoms results from

two atoms that do not have similar electronegativities

which statement helps explain why water molecules form hydrogen bonds?

attractions form between opposite partial charges

a water molecule can bond up to _____ other water molecules by ? bonds

four … hydrogen

the unequal sharing of electrons within a water molecule makes the water molecule _____

polar

the tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its ______

electronegativity

in this molecule, what type of bond is found between oxygen and hydrogens?

polar covalent