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eliminate anti-nutritional ingredients
rise the finished product’s shelf life
add value to improve prospects for jobs and income generation
Why are agricultural crops processed?
Fermentation
One of the most ancient and relevant techniques for food production
fermented fruits
What are the first fermented foods
it is efficient
low energy preservation process
appropriate technique for use in developing countries and remote areas
it supplies protein, minerals, and other nutrients
Why is fermentation important?
“Gundruk”
is a fermented and dried vegetable product from Nepali
gari and fufu
Fermented cassava products in Africa
Fermentation
Slow decomposition process of organic substances induced by microorganisms, or by complex nitrogenous substances of plant or animal origin
anaerobic or partially anaerobic oxidation of carbohydrates by microorganisms or enzymes
What brings about the biochemical change in fermentation?
Putrefaction
Degradation of protein materials
Fruits
The edible product of a plant or a tree, consisting of the seed and its envelope
fruits
called ‘high acid’ foods since nearly all are acidic
yeasts and mold
spoilage organisms likely to be found on fruit products
tropical fruits
decreases
The acidity level of (1) such as banana, mango, and papaya (2) as the fruit ripens
vegetables
A plant cultivated for food, especially an edible herb or root used for human consumption
vegetables (often requires some form of processing to increase their edibility)
called ‘low acid’ foods due to their lower levels of acidity
by making them more acidic, either through pickling, salting, or drying
How can low acid food be safely preserved?
Low acid foods
prone to deterioration by microorganisms and provide an ideal substrate for food poisoning organisms when in a moist environment
Agro-processing
describes the transformation of agricultural produce into a different physical or chemical state
“agro”
Encompasses a wide range of food and non-food agricultural products
“food processing”
applies only to products which are suitable for human consumption
Agro-processing
applies to any of the numerous activities that take place in the chain of events between harvest/slaughter of the raw material and production of the final product
Salometer
Salt present in a brine is expressed as degrees (% saturation of NaCl by weight)
26.359g per 100mL at 15.5 C (10 degree Salometer contains 2.64% salt by weight)
A saturated solution of pure sodium chloride (100 degrees Salometer) contains:
Biotechnology
application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of materials, for the provision of goods and services, through the use of biological systems and agents
complex carbohydrates
ex. starch and cellulose
One that is composed of long branched chains of single sugar units
Give examples
Reducing sugar (all simple sugars)
glucose, fructose, or galactose
sugar which has reactive aldehyde or ketone groups
Microorganism/Microbe
generic terms for the group of living organisms which are microscopic in size
Enzyme
Biological catalyst which is used to facilitate and speed up reactions
above 42 C
temperature at which mammalian proteins (and therefore enzymes) are denatured
Facultative anaerobe
microbes that can adapt to exist with or without oxygen
Microaerophilic
Microbes that requires small amounts of oxygen for survival
free and bound
Water exists in two states within a cell
Water activity
measure of the amount of free water available for potential reaction - microbial or enzymic
0 to 1.0 where 1.0 is the activity of pure water
water activity is measured on a scale of
pH
measure of the hydrogen ion concentration
scale of 1 to 14, where 1 represents high concentration of hydrogen ions (acidic) and 14 represents low concentration (alkaline)
How is pH measured?
neutral (pH 7.0)
optimum pH for most microorganisms
high acid foods - pH 4.6 or lower
low acid foods - pH is above 4.6
pH of high and low acid foods
Improves food security
food preservation
salvaging waste foods
removal of anti-nutritional factors
Increases income and employment
Improves nutrition (vitamins and digestibility)
Medicinal benefits
protects from disease
Improve cultural and social well-being
improve flavor and appearance of food
Creation of meat-like flavor
benefits of fermenting fruits and vegetables
Koumiss
fermented milk product in Russia used to treat tuberculosis
Pulque
fermented fruit sap in Mexico containing medicinal properties
lactic acid fermentation
Fermented fruit and vegetables products arise from
Bacteria
Lactobacillus spp., Acetobacter spp.,
Yeasts
Saccharomyces spp.,
Molds
Organisms responsible for food fermentation
enzymatic activity
changes that occur during fermentation of foods are the result of
catalysts
initiates and control reactions rather than being used in a reaction
Desirable fermentation
only the desired bacteria, yeasts, or molds start to multiply and grow on the substrate
Moisture
Oxygen concentration
Temperature
Nutrients
pH
Inhibitors
Manipulation of growth and activity
Yeasts
unicellular fungus which reproduces asexually by budding or division
some are chromogenic and produce green, yellow, and black pigments
others can synthesize essential B group vitamins
What are yeasts?
chromogenic
producing pigments
Abundance of oxygen for growth
Basic substrate such as sugar
Conditions necessary for fermentation
alcohol and carbon dioxide
yeasts can ferment sugars to ____ in the absence of air
ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
yeasts produce _____ from simple sugars
0 to 50 C; optimum 20 to 30 C
temperature range necessary for fermentation
pH 4.0 to 4.5
pH range necessary for fermentation
0.85
Water activity necessary for fermentation
clarification and pre-treatment of juice
chemical composition of juice
temperature of the fermentation
influences of other microbes
Factors affecting wine fermentation
Red grape wine
White grape wine
Banana beer
Cashew wine
Tepache
Palm wine
Basi (sugarcane wine)
types of fermented fruit juices
Bacteria
Large group of unicellular or multicellular organisms lacking chlorophyll
spherical, rodlike, spiral, or filamentous
Shapes of bacteria
Lactic acid bacteria
gram (+) bacteria, non-respiring, non-spore forming, cocci or rod shaped
Lactic acid
Major end product of the fermentation of carbohydrates
Lactobacillus
Leuconostoc
Pediococcus
Streptococcus
Types of lactic acid bacteria
sour dough bread
sorghum beer
all fermented milk
cassava
most pickled vegetables
lactic acid bacteria are responsible for the fermentation of:
Acetic acid bacteria (Acetobacter spp.)
produces a vinegary off-taste in the wine
Acetobacter
convert alcohol to acetic acid in the presence of excess oxygen