Maori and Cultural Psych

Whakapapa

Knowing who you are and where you come from; 'the foundation of ancestors'; Whakapapa connects all things

Manaakitanga

Generosity and kindness; reciprocity must be present (one-sidedness is not Manaakitanga); Koorero Mai, Koorero Atu - a flowing communication for reciprocity

Whanaungatanga

Having a sense of belonging, purpose, and relationship

Tangata Tiriti

People of the Treaty; all non-Māori citizens who have a right to reside in Aotearoa through Te Tiriti; a political identity centred on acknowledging, upholding, and actively honouring the Treaty in partnership with Tangata Whenua

Kaitiakitanga

Guardianship and stewardship of the ecosystem to guard the Mauri within it

Turangawaewae

A traditional place to stand where you are connected; Iwi means bones and tribe — a deep connection

Whānau

Family, but can include people not biologically related — called 'kaupapa whānau'

Māta­uranga Māori

Traditional/indigenous knowledge including carving, weaving, performing arts, astronomy, stories, and songs

Tapu

Sacredness and potential that exists in all people, inherited at birth; Rāhui is a temporary Māori ritual prohibition placed on an area or resource by kaitiaki

Noa

The opposite state of being tapu; can be lifted through karakia or food

Mana

An impersonal supernatural power that can be transmitted or inherited; a status (e.g. leaders have mana); can be stripped

Mauri

A life force or essence which binds the physical and spiritual; can be nurtured through manaakitanga

Wairua

An internal connection to the universe; an intrinsic connection with a sacred dimension of reality

He Whakaputanga (1835)

Promised Māori mana and sovereignty in NZ; stated foreigners cannot make laws

Te Tiriti (1840)

Promised Māori full authority over taonga and the ability to manage their own affairs

The Treaty (1840)

Gave the English sovereignty (NOT governance); signed by fewer Māori than Te Tiriti

Waitangi Tribunal (1975)

Established to investigate breaches of the Treaty; Māori lands were purchased, confiscated, and sometimes taken by force

Te Whare Tapa Whā (1982)

A health model with four dimensions: Taha Tinana (physical), Taha Wairua (spiritual), Taha Hinengaro (mental/emotional), Taha Whānau (family/iwi/hapū); also includes Whenua (land) and Hauora (wellness)

Taha Tinana

The physical body and physical wellbeing — one wall of Te Whare Tapa Whā

Taha Wairua

The spiritual realm — one wall of Te Whare Tapa Whā

Taha Hinengaro

The mind and emotional realm — one wall of Te Whare Tapa Whā

Taha Whānau

Family, iwi, and hapū — one wall of Te Whare Tapa Whā

Whenua

Land — the foundation of Te Whare Tapa Whā

Tohunga Suppression Act

In effect from 1907 to 1962; aimed to stop traditional Māori healing practices; caused psychological detriment and communicated that Māori understanding of health was wrong

Ihi

Vital force or personal magnetism

Matekite

A kind of seeing that goes beyond human vision; knowledge around it was suppressed by the Tohunga Suppression Act, causing whole generations of knowledge to be lost

Mahi Wairua

Spiritual healing; providing a korowai (cloak) of protection for whānau

Rongoā Māori

The traditional Māori healing system including herbal medicine; covers more than physical health; knowledge was suppressed by the Tohunga Suppression Act; less accepted than other traditional medicines like TCM

Culture

The shared values, beliefs, and attitudes that shape the way we see ourselves and our world

Cultural Psychology

The branch of psychology that examines how culture influences psychological behaviour

Individualistic Cultures

Cultures where the self is seen as separate and autonomous; prioritise the interests of the individual

Collectivist Cultures

Cultures where the concept of self is defined in relation to the group; prioritise the interests of the whole group

Self-Schemas

Independent: separate and autonomous self-view; Interdependent: self defined by social roles and relationships

WEIRD Psychology

Generalisations of the whole world based on Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, Democratic societies

Intersectionality

A framework to consider how different aspects of identity intersect and should be considered in relation to each other

Cultural Competence in Psychological Practice

Requires awareness of your own and your patient's culture, relevant knowledge, and practical skill

Cross-Cultural Psychology

The study of variance and invariance of mental processes and behaviour across diverse cultural contexts

Emotions (Cross-Cultural)

Emotions are universal, but cultural norms govern emotional display; some emotions exist in other languages with no English equivalent

Acculturation

The changes that occur when individuals move from one cultural context to another; critiqued for being oversimplified, ignoring power dynamics, focusing on individual adaptation, and using confusing terminology

Ethnocentrism

Using one's own cultural values as a yardstick to judge people from other cultures

ABC Model of Prejudice

Affective = Prejudice (racism); Behavioural = Discrimination; Cognitive = Stereotypes

Indigenous Psychologies

The study of mind and behaviour developed within indigenous frames of reference

Pacific Psychologies

Centred on Pacific understandings of self, mind, and behaviour

History of Pacific Peoples in NZ

NZ has formal relations with Niue, Cook Islands, and Samoa; Pacific migration increased post-WW2; the term 'Pacific Islander' emerged; Dawn Raids were a crackdown on Pacific overstayers

Fonofale Model

A Pacific health model: Roof = Culture; Foundation = Family; Pou (posts) = Physical, Spiritual, Mental, Other; Surrounding context = Environmental, Time, and Context

Koorero Mai, Koorero Atu

A concept of flowing, reciprocal communication — central to Manaakitanga

Rāhui

A temporary Māori ritual prohibition or ban placed on an area or resource by kaitiaki; connected to the concept of Tapu