Anatomy Exam 1 Review

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 51 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/128

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

129 Terms

1
New cards

What is the function of sesamoid bones?

They change the angle of the tendon so the associated muscle can produce a more effective force for movement.

2
New cards

Where is smooth muscle located?

In the walls of hollow organs (ex: bladder, stomach) and various tubes in circulatory, digestive, and respiratory systems.

3
New cards

What is the fiber arrangement in fusiform muscle?

Muscle fascicles run close to parallel with the muscle's long axis.

4
New cards

Coronal/Frontal Plane

Divides body into front and back portions

5
New cards

Sagittal Plane

Divides body into right and left portions

6
New cards

Posterior

Closer to the back of the body than the front of the body

7
New cards

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

8
New cards

Deep

Farther away from the surface of the body

9
New cards

Extension

Extending the joint

10
New cards

Abduction

Moving away from the body's midline

11
New cards

Nervous System

Body's electrical wiring made up of brain, spinal cord, and nerves

12
New cards

What do ligaments connect?

Bone to bone

13
New cards

What percentage of total body weight is bone?

15-20%

14
New cards

What is Wolff's Law?

Bones respond to weight-bearing activities and muscle contractions

15
New cards

Why are growth plates vulnerable to injury?

They are weaker areas of the bone.

16
New cards

What are the symptoms of a growth plate injury?

Persistent pain and tenderness, change in shape, warmth and/or swelling at the end of the bone, changes in mechanics of the limb, inability to move or bear weight due to pain.

17
New cards

What are cartilaginous joints?

Joints where the bones are joined directly by cartilage, allowing more movement than fibrous joints.

18
New cards

What are the types of bone fractures?

Transverse, oblique, nondisplaced, displaced, open/compound, and spiral.

19
New cards

What can shin splints escalate to if left untreated?

Stress fractures.

20
New cards

What is the treatment for shin splints?

Rest, ice, no high impact exercises, preventative exercises, wear supportive shoes, take anti-inflammatories.

21
New cards

What are the causes of stress fractures?

Unaddressed shin splints, overuse, sudden change in activity, improper mechanics/misalignment.

22
New cards

What is the treatment for a 5th metatarsal fracture?

Rest, little to no weight bearing, often a boot, may need crutches, sometimes surgery depending on the type and severity of the fracture.

23
New cards

What is smooth muscle?

Muscle found in the walls of hollow organs and tubes.

24
New cards

What is the function of skeletal muscle?

Joint movement, joint stability, shock absorption, production of body heat, and posture.

25
New cards

What is the control of skeletal muscle?

Voluntary.

26
New cards

What are the characteristics of fusiform muscle fibers?

Longer fibers that run along the length of the muscle.

27
New cards

What is the disadvantage of fusiform muscle fibers?

Weak force production.

28
New cards

What is the advantage of penniform muscle fibers?

Greater force production.

29
New cards

What is the proximal attachment of a muscle?

The origin or beginning of the muscle, attaches closer to the midline.

30
New cards

Types of Muscle Contraction

Isometric, Concentric, Eccentric

31
New cards

Isometric Contraction

Equal-length contraction with no visible joint movement

32
New cards

Roles of Muscles in Movement

Agonist: muscle or muscles whose contraction produces the desired joint movement, initiator

Antagonist: muscle or muscles with the action opposite to that of the agonist, follower

33
New cards

Transverse/Horizontal Plane

Divides body into upper and lower portions

34
New cards

Superior

Closer to the top of the head than another structure

35
New cards

Inferior

Closer to the feet than another structure

36
New cards

Anterior

Closer to the front of the body than the back of the body

37
New cards

Flexion

Bending/flexing the joint

38
New cards

Plantarflexion

Pointing your foot

39
New cards

What are osteoblasts?

Cells that build up bone

40
New cards

Where are sesamoid bones found?

They are found in the hands, knees, and feet.

41
New cards

What is the shaft of a bone?

The long, cylindrical portion of a bone.

42
New cards

How many growth plates does each long bone have?

At least two, one at each end.

43
New cards

When do growth plates become mature bone?

Sometime during adolescence.

44
New cards

What are shin splints?

Tearing away of the periosteum or bone covering.

45
New cards

Distal attachment-insertion

End of the muscle, attaches further from the midline

46
New cards

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

47
New cards

Superficial

Closer to the surface of the body

48
New cards

Proximal

Closer to the root of the body

49
New cards

Distal

Farther away from the root of the body

50
New cards

Adduction

Moving toward the body's midline

51
New cards

Dorsiflexion

Flexing your foot

52
New cards

Internal Rotation

Rotating toward the midline

53
New cards

External rotation

Rotating away from the midline

54
New cards

Pronation

Turning the palm backward

55
New cards

Supination

Turning the palm forward

56
New cards

Respiratory System

System responsible for respiration

57
New cards

Endocrine System

Series of glands that produce and secrete hormones

58
New cards

Digestive System

System responsible for digestion

59
New cards

Reproductive System

System responsible for reproduction

60
New cards

Skeletal System

System responsible for providing support and protection

61
New cards

Muscular System

System responsible for movement

62
New cards

Lymphatic System

System responsible for removing toxins and waste

63
New cards

Circulatory System

System responsible for transporting blood and nutrients

64
New cards

What is the skeletal system composed of?

Bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints

65
New cards

What are the primary tissues of the body?

Muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective

66
New cards

What is the function of muscle tissue?

Ability to contract

67
New cards

What is the function of nervous tissue?

Conduct electricity

68
New cards

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

Cover and line surfaces, form glands

69
New cards

What is the function of connective tissue?

Bind, support, insulate, protect structures

70
New cards

What is the structure of ligaments?

Short bands of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue

71
New cards

What is the function of ligaments?

Stabilize the joint

72
New cards

What do tendons connect?

Bone to muscle

73
New cards

How are tendons different from ligaments?

More flexibility, absorb impact as muscles spring into action

74
New cards

What are the functions of bone?

Support, shape, protect, movement, blood cell production, mineral storage

75
New cards

What is bone remodeling?

Continuous cycle of bone being built, broken down, and rebuilt

76
New cards

What are osteoclasts?

Cells that break down bone

77
New cards

What is bone mainly made of?

Collagen

78
New cards

What are the types of bone?

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

79
New cards

What are sesamoid bones?

Small, round bones that form within a tendon and help protect tendons from excessive wear.

80
New cards

What is the head of a bone?

The rounded end of a bone.

81
New cards

What is marrow?

The soft, spongy tissue found inside the shaft of long bones that produces blood cells.

82
New cards

What is periosteum?

The tough, fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of bones.

83
New cards

What is articular cartilage?

The smooth, slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones in a joint, allowing them to glide smoothly over each other.

84
New cards

What is a growth plate?

The area of tissue at the end of long bones in children and teens that determines the future length and shape of mature bone.

85
New cards

What are fibrous joints?

Joints where articulating bones are joined directly with fibrous tissue, allowing little to no movement.

86
New cards

What are synovial joints?

Joints where the bones are not directly joined and are separated by a joint cavity that contains synovial fluid.

87
New cards

What are the types of synovial joints?

Hinge, saddle, planar, condyloid, and ball and socket joints.

88
New cards

What are the symptoms of a bone fracture?

Pain, bruising, swelling, tenderness, and bending or twisting of the affected area.

89
New cards

What is the periosteum?

Dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping bones.

90
New cards

What are the causes of shin splints?

Overuse, unsupportive shoes, lots of jumping, hard floors, or change in floor surface, not warming up properly.

91
New cards

What are the symptoms of shin splints?

Tenderness/dull pain in the general area, pain that diminishes during rest, pain that intensifies during normal activity, swelling.

92
New cards

What are stress fractures?

Small crack or severe bruising of the bone.

93
New cards

What are the symptoms of stress fractures?

Pain that diminishes during rest, pain that intensifies during normal activity, localized tenderness, swelling/bruising.

94
New cards

What is the rare injury known as 'the dreaded black line'?

Shin splints that escalate to stress reactions and then stress fractures.

95
New cards

What is a 5th metatarsal fracture?

One of the most common fractures experienced by dancers, caused by rolling/twisting the ankle or landing incorrectly.

96
New cards

What are the symptoms of a 5th metatarsal fracture?

Swelling, bruising, difficulty walking or inability to walk, tenderness in the area, sharp pain.

97
New cards

What is a Lisfranc injury?

An injury common in professions with foot articulation or twisting.

Strain, fracture, or dislocation between the tarsals and metatarsals.

98
New cards

What are the causes of a Lisfranc injury?

Indirect causes such as foot articulation or twisting.

99
New cards

What are the symptoms of a Lisfranc injury?

Swelling, pain throughout the midfoot, inability to bear weight, bruising of the arch, abnormal widening of the foot.

100
New cards

How is a Lisfranc injury treated?

Immobilization, RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation), anti-inflammatories, physical therapy, at least six weeks rest, and in some cases, surgery.