Anatomy Exam 1 Review

What is the function of sesamoid bones?

They change the angle of the tendon so the associated muscle can produce a more effective force for movement.

Where is smooth muscle located?

In the walls of hollow organs (ex: bladder, stomach) and various tubes in circulatory, digestive, and respiratory systems.

What is the fiber arrangement in fusiform muscle?

Muscle fascicles run close to parallel with the muscle's long axis.

Coronal/Frontal Plane

Divides body into front and back portions

Sagittal Plane

Divides body into right and left portions

Posterior

Closer to the back of the body than the front of the body

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Deep

Farther away from the surface of the body

Extension

Extending the joint

Abduction

Moving away from the body's midline

Nervous System

Body's electrical wiring made up of brain, spinal cord, and nerves

What do ligaments connect?

Bone to bone

What percentage of total body weight is bone?

15-20%

What is Wolff's Law?

Bones respond to weight-bearing activities and muscle contractions

Why are growth plates vulnerable to injury?

They are weaker areas of the bone.

What are the symptoms of a growth plate injury?

Persistent pain and tenderness, change in shape, warmth and/or swelling at the end of the bone, changes in mechanics of the limb, inability to move or bear weight due to pain.

What are cartilaginous joints?

Joints where the bones are joined directly by cartilage, allowing more movement than fibrous joints.

What are the types of bone fractures?

Transverse, oblique, nondisplaced, displaced, open/compound, and spiral.

What can shin splints escalate to if left untreated?

Stress fractures.

What is the treatment for shin splints?

Rest, ice, no high impact exercises, preventative exercises, wear supportive shoes, take anti-inflammatories.

What are the causes of stress fractures?

Unaddressed shin splints, overuse, sudden change in activity, improper mechanics/misalignment.

What is the treatment for a 5th metatarsal fracture?

Rest, little to no weight bearing, often a boot, may need crutches, sometimes surgery depending on the type and severity of the fracture.

What is smooth muscle?

Muscle found in the walls of hollow organs and tubes.

What is the function of skeletal muscle?

Joint movement, joint stability, shock absorption, production of body heat, and posture.

What is the control of skeletal muscle?

Voluntary.

What are the characteristics of fusiform muscle fibers?

Longer fibers that run along the length of the muscle.

What is the disadvantage of fusiform muscle fibers?

Weak force production.

What is the advantage of penniform muscle fibers?

Greater force production.

What is the proximal attachment of a muscle?

The origin or beginning of the muscle, attaches closer to the midline.

Types of Muscle Contraction

Isometric, Concentric, Eccentric

Isometric Contraction

Equal-length contraction with no visible joint movement

Roles of Muscles in Movement

Agonist: muscle or muscles whose contraction produces the desired joint movement, initiator

Antagonist: muscle or muscles with the action opposite to that of the agonist, follower

Transverse/Horizontal Plane

Divides body into upper and lower portions

Superior

Closer to the top of the head than another structure

Inferior

Closer to the feet than another structure

Anterior

Closer to the front of the body than the back of the body

Flexion

Bending/flexing the joint

Plantarflexion

Pointing your foot

What are osteoblasts?

Cells that build up bone

Where are sesamoid bones found?

They are found in the hands, knees, and feet.

What is the shaft of a bone?

The long, cylindrical portion of a bone.

How many growth plates does each long bone have?

At least two, one at each end.

When do growth plates become mature bone?

Sometime during adolescence.

What are shin splints?

Tearing away of the periosteum or bone covering.

Distal attachment-insertion

End of the muscle, attaches further from the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Superficial

Closer to the surface of the body

Proximal

Closer to the root of the body

Distal

Farther away from the root of the body

Adduction

Moving toward the body's midline

Dorsiflexion

Flexing your foot

Internal Rotation

Rotating toward the midline

External rotation

Rotating away from the midline

Pronation

Turning the palm backward

Supination

Turning the palm forward

Respiratory System

System responsible for respiration

Endocrine System

Series of glands that produce and secrete hormones

Digestive System

System responsible for digestion

Reproductive System

System responsible for reproduction

Skeletal System

System responsible for providing support and protection

Muscular System

System responsible for movement

Lymphatic System

System responsible for removing toxins and waste

Circulatory System

System responsible for transporting blood and nutrients

What is the skeletal system composed of?

Bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints

What are the primary tissues of the body?

Muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective

What is the function of muscle tissue?

Ability to contract

What is the function of nervous tissue?

Conduct electricity

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

Cover and line surfaces, form glands

What is the function of connective tissue?

Bind, support, insulate, protect structures

What is the structure of ligaments?

Short bands of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue

What is the function of ligaments?

Stabilize the joint

What do tendons connect?

Bone to muscle

How are tendons different from ligaments?

More flexibility, absorb impact as muscles spring into action

What are the functions of bone?

Support, shape, protect, movement, blood cell production, mineral storage

What is bone remodeling?

Continuous cycle of bone being built, broken down, and rebuilt

What are osteoclasts?

Cells that break down bone

What is bone mainly made of?

Collagen

What are the types of bone?

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

What are sesamoid bones?

Small, round bones that form within a tendon and help protect tendons from excessive wear.

What is the head of a bone?

The rounded end of a bone.

What is marrow?

The soft, spongy tissue found inside the shaft of long bones that produces blood cells.

What is periosteum?

The tough, fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of bones.

What is articular cartilage?

The smooth, slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones in a joint, allowing them to glide smoothly over each other.

What is a growth plate?

The area of tissue at the end of long bones in children and teens that determines the future length and shape of mature bone.

What are fibrous joints?

Joints where articulating bones are joined directly with fibrous tissue, allowing little to no movement.

What are synovial joints?

Joints where the bones are not directly joined and are separated by a joint cavity that contains synovial fluid.

What are the types of synovial joints?

Hinge, saddle, planar, condyloid, and ball and socket joints.

What are the symptoms of a bone fracture?

Pain, bruising, swelling, tenderness, and bending or twisting of the affected area.

What is the periosteum?

Dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping bones.

What are the causes of shin splints?

Overuse, unsupportive shoes, lots of jumping, hard floors, or change in floor surface, not warming up properly.

What are the symptoms of shin splints?

Tenderness/dull pain in the general area, pain that diminishes during rest, pain that intensifies during normal activity, swelling.

What are stress fractures?

Small crack or severe bruising of the bone.

What are the symptoms of stress fractures?

Pain that diminishes during rest, pain that intensifies during normal activity, localized tenderness, swelling/bruising.

What is the rare injury known as 'the dreaded black line'?

Shin splints that escalate to stress reactions and then stress fractures.

What is a 5th metatarsal fracture?

One of the most common fractures experienced by dancers, caused by rolling/twisting the ankle or landing incorrectly.

What are the symptoms of a 5th metatarsal fracture?

Swelling, bruising, difficulty walking or inability to walk, tenderness in the area, sharp pain.

What is a Lisfranc injury?

An injury common in professions with foot articulation or twisting.

Strain, fracture, or dislocation between the tarsals and metatarsals.

What are the causes of a Lisfranc injury?

Indirect causes such as foot articulation or twisting.

What are the symptoms of a Lisfranc injury?

Swelling, pain throughout the midfoot, inability to bear weight, bruising of the arch, abnormal widening of the foot.

How is a Lisfranc injury treated?

Immobilization, RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation), anti-inflammatories, physical therapy, at least six weeks rest, and in some cases, surgery.