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Bering Land Bridge
Land bridge that connected Asia and North America (Russia to North America) during the last Ice Age
Allowed humans and animals to migrate between the two continents, often with mammoths
Once Ice melted, this connection could no longer be used and the Americas became cut off
Subarctic region
hunter-gatherer
moose, caribou, bison, berriews, roots
Semi-nomadic, moved with the seasons
stone + bone-based weapons
Eastern Woodlands + Southeast region
Used Three Sisters Farming - grew beans, corn, + squash together
Sedentary villages with lodges and longhouses (communal housing holding multiple families per dwelling, also used as gathering halls)
Burial/temple mounds in some regions (Cahokia - Mississippian culture, Hopewell + Adena - Ohio River Valley)
Great Plains region
hunter-gatherer (women collected medicinal plants, men grew tobacco + hunted gain)
Primarily nomadic (tipis made of buffalo skin)
Earth lodges built in villages
Known for artistry in beadwork, quill work, + buffalo-hide painting, often used to depict tribal symbols + history
Great Basin/Plateau regions
hunter-gatherer with 70% of diet vegetal, hunted bison, deer, elk, + mountain sheep
Semi-nomadic, moving with seasons (windbreaker shelters in summer, domed brush/grass covered shelters in winter, teepees used for traveling shelters)
Hunting tech - bows + arrows, nets
Pottery, tanned hides, baskets, shells for trade
Southwest region
Cliff-dwelling communities
Puebloan people had multi-story adobe dwellings called pueblos and utilized cliffs + natural alcoves
Irrigation systems in arid desert conditions
Kiva ceremonies - partially underground ceremonial chambers for religious rituals
ceremonies included storytellers, dancing, veneration of ancestors + deities
well-known for pottery, textiles, basketry
Symbols + storytelling in early Native American communities
Totem poles - artwork that exhibited status symbols/storytelling
Detailed masks, baskets, textiles, + jewelry also incorporated storytelling designs of animals + ancestors
Decentralized Europe
System for structuring society around relationships derived from holding of land in exchange for labor (Kings, lords, knights, serfs)
90% of European population - farming peasants/serfs with malnourished, poor, freedomless lives
Practiced primogeniture - eldest son inherits the most
Roman Catholic church - unifying institution
Kings were recognized with divine power
Reasons for European exploration
God (expanding Christianity), Gold (new resources + riches), + Glory (growing centralized power + keeping up)
Spanish colonization
Hernán Cortes overthrew Aztec empire, Francisco Pizarro overthrew Incan empire
Conquistadors received encomiendas (land grants) from Spanish Crown
gave Spanish legal rights of territory where they collected tribute + labor of Native Americans (plantations, mines, or territory)
Gold + silver discovered in Mexico + the Andes - 50%of world’s supply of silver exported each year
Casta system - racial hierarchy (Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, native americans, enslaved persons)
Note
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