Cell 1010 Test 3

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367 Terms

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△G= +
-not spontaneous
-anabolic
-endergonic/endothermic
-supplying lots of activation energy
-products have more energy than reactants
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△G= -
-spontaneous
-catabolic
-exergonic/exothermic
-little activation energy required
-reactants have more energy than products
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Spontaneous
reactants will react
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instantaneous
reactants will react once brought close together
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what does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
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How is energy stored in ATP?
electrostatic repulsion in the phosphate bonds
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How much △G in the break down of ATP into ADP + iP
-7.3 kcal
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How do you increase the rate of reaction outside the body?
Apply heat
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How do you increase the rate of reaction inside the body?
1. enzymes: lower activation energy
2. ribozymes: RNA molecules acting as catalysts
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How do enzymes work?
Lower activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction by causing a temporary change to the internal environment
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Prosthetic Groups
small molecules permanently attached to inside of the enzyme
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Cofactor
inorganic (ions) that bind to enzyme temporarily and help enzyme function
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Coenzyme
Organic molecules (not proteins) that help enzyme function
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Conditions important for enzymes
1. Optimal temperature
2. Optimal pH
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Purpose of enzyme inhibitors?
regulate in body to conserve energy
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Competitive inhibitors
Inhibitor competes for and binds to active site
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Allosteric
inhibitor binds to allosteric site which changes the shape of the active site
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When does irreversible inhibition occur?
treatment for mental health illness
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Cooperactivity
a typ elf allosteric regulation where all parts of enzymes receive info from inhibitor or activator
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activator in cooperactivity
binds and opens all active sites
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inhibitor in cooperactivity
makes all active sites inactive
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Feedback inhibition
products act as the inhibitor
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rate-limiting step
product binds to slowest enzyme which brings the reactions to a halt
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aerobic respiration
respiration that requires O2 to receive the de-energized electron
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anaerobic respiration
respiration where inorganic compounds receive the reenergized electrons (like CO2 and SO2)
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fermentation
process by which organic compound receives the electron
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Respiration
organic compounds (hydrocarbons) broken down for energy
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Where does anaerobic respiration happen?
in muscles when working out and in the gut (bacteria)
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Principle of redox
electrons are constantly being passed on
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reduced
receives electrons (neg. potential energy)
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oxidized
loses electrons (pos. potential energy)
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Two ways ATP are synthesized
1. Direct
2. Indirect
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Substrate-level phosphorylation
types of direct ATP synthesis where phosphate from high energy compound is combined with ADP to make ATP
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Glycolysis
type of direct ATP synthesis where glucose is broken down
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oxidative phosphorylation
type of indirect ATP synthesis where ATP is produced by chemiosmosis (diffusion of ions)
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What does NAD+ stand for?
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
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What is NAD+?
coenzyme that receives electron
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What is NADH?
energy intermediate that carries electron
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What is another name for Glycolysis?
Carbohydrate Catabolism
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In Glycolysis, what does Glucose (6C) become?
With the breakdown of ATP into ADP + iP by Hexokinase, Glucose 6 Phosphate is formed
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In Glycolysis, what does Glucose 6 Phosphate become?
The enzyme Phosphoglucoisomerase forms Fructose 6 Phosphate
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In Glycolysis, what does Fructose 6 Phosphate become?
With the breakdown of ATP into ADP + iP by Phosphofructokinase, Fructose 1,6 Biphosphate is formed
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In Glycolysis, what does Fructose 1,6 Biphosphate become?
The enzyme Aldolase forms both Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate (3C) and Dihydroxy Acetone Phosphate (3C)
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In Glycolysis, what does Dihydroxy Acetone Phosphate (3C) become?
The enzyme Triose Phosphate Isomerase forms Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
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In Glycolysis, what does TWO Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate become?
With the breakdown of NAD^+ + 2e + 2H^+ into NADH + H^+ by Glyceraldehde 3 Phosphate Dehydrogenase and the addition of iP, 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate is formed
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In Glycolysis, what does TWO 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate become?
With the building of ADP + iP into ATP by Phosphoglycerate Kinase, 3 Phosphoglycerate is formed
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In Glycolysis, what does TWO 3 Phosphoglycerate become?
The enzyme Phosphoglyceromutase forms 2 Phosphoglycerate
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In Glycolysis, what does TWO 2 Phosphoglycerate become?
The enzyme Enolase forms Phosphoenol Pyruvate and a water leaves
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In Glycolysis, what does TWO Phosphoenol Pyruvate become?
With the building of ADP + iP into ATP by Pyruvate Kinase, Pyruvate is formed
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What is put into Glycolysis?
Glucose
2 ADP
2 iP
2 NAD^+
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What is the net products of glycolysis?
2 ATP
2 Pyruvates
2 NADH
2 H2O
2 H^+
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Which steps of glycolysis are energy investment?
Steps 1-3
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Which steps of glycolysis are the cleavage/priming phase?
Steps 4-5
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Which steps of glycolysis are the energy liberation phase?
Steps 6-10
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When is the first time oxidative decarboxylation happens?
In Pyruvate Oxidation
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Oxidative Decarboxylation
Losing carbon in the form of CO2
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In pyruvate oxidation, which enzyme removes CO2?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
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In pyruvate oxidation, which enzyme forms acetyl coA?
Dihydolipyl transacetylase
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In pyruvate oxidation, which enzyme forms NADH?
Dihydrolipyl dehydrogenase
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What starts in pyruvate oxidation?
2 Pyruvate (3C)
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What is the product in pyruvate oxidation?
2 NADH
2 Acetyl coA
Co2
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What are the other names for the Kreb Cycle?
-Citric Acid Cycle
-Tri Carboxylic Acid Cycle
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In Krebs cycle, what does Oxaloacetate (4C) become?
With the breakdown of acetyl coA into coASH by Citrate Synthatase, Citrate (6C) is formed
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In Krebs cycle, what does Citrate (6C) become?
With the removal of H2O then addition of H2O by Aconitase, Isocitrate is formed
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In Krebs cycle, what does Isocitrate become?
With the removal of CO2 and the build up of NAD^+ + 2e + 2H^+ into NADH + H^+ by Isocitrate Dehydrogenase, Diketoglutarate is formed
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In Krebs cycle, what does Diketoglutarate become?
With the addition of coASH, removal of CO2, and the build up of NAD^+ + 2e + 2H^+ into NADH + H^+ by Alpha Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase, Succinyl coA is formed
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In Krebs cycle, what does Succinyl coA become?
With the removal of coASH, conversion of GDP + iP into GTP which then converts ADP + iP into ATP all by Succinyl coA Synthetase, Succinate (4C) is formed
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In Krebs cycle, what does Succinate (4C) become?
With the build up of FAD + 2e + 2H^+ into FADH2 by Succinate Dehydrogenase, Fumarate (4C) is formed
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In Krebs cycle, what does Fumarate (4C) become?
With the addition of H2O by Fumarase, Malate is formed
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In Krebs cycle, what does Malate become?
With the build up of NAD^+ + 2e + 2H^+ into NADH + H^+ by Malate Dehygrogense, Oxaloacetate (4C) is formed
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What is the priming phase in Krebs cycle?
Oxaloacetate to Isocitrate
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What is the oxidative phase in Krebs cycle?
Isocitrate to Succinate
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What is the regeneration phase in Krebs cycle?
Succinate to Oxaloacetate
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Total yield from Krebs cycle?
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2
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Why is it Krebs "Cycle"?
The starting compound is regenerated
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When does the complete glucose break down happen?
In Krebs cycle when all organic carbon becomes inorganic carbon (CO2)
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How many ATP does Glycolysis produce?
2 ATP
5 ATP (from 2 NADH)
TOTAL 7 ATP
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How many ATP does Pyruvate Oxidation produce?
3 ATP (from 2 NADH, 2 used to get inside)
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How many ATP does Krebs cycle produce?
2 ATP
15 ATP (from 6 NADH)
3 ATP (from 2 NADH2)
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How many ATP does 1 glucose produce?
30 ATP
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What are the two functions of Oxidative Phosphorylation?
1. Oxidation of NADH and FADH2 to provide energy to make a proton gradient in inter membrane space
2. ATP synthase enzyme: H^+ flow by chemiosmosis through ATP synthase to provide energy for iP + ADP into ATP
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Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
inner mitochondrial membrane
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What is the first protein in the oxidative phosphorylation electron transport chain?
NADH dehydrogenase = proton PUMP
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What is the second protein in the oxidative phosphorylation electron transport chain?
Succinate reductase = NOT proton PUMP
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What is the third protein in the oxidative phosphorylation electron transport chain?
Cytochrome b-c1 = proton PUMP
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What is the fourth protein in the oxidative phosphorylation electron transport chain?
Cytochrome oxidase = proton PUMP
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What is the first carrier in oxidative phosphorylation electron transport chain?
Q= ubiquinone carrier
transport electron from I to 3 and 2 to 3.
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What is the second carrier in oxidative phosphorylation electron transport chain?
Cytc= cytochrome C
transport electron from 3 to 4.
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What happens to the two deenergized electrons at end of electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?
ee + 2H^+ + 1/2O2 becomes H2O
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In which direction does electronegativity increase in the electron transport chain for oxidative phosphorylation?
Toward the O2 at the end
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How much ATP does one NADH produce in electron transport chain for oxidative phosphorylation?
1 NADH goes through 3 pumps and makes 2.5 ATP (1/2 ATP lost due to imperfect system)
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How much ATP does one FADH2 produce in electron transport chain for oxidative phosphorylation?
1 FADH2 goes through 2 pumps and makes 1.5 ATP (1/2 ATP lost due to imperfect system)
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Why is electron transport chain for oxidative phosphorylation not a perfect system?
1. Leaky mitochondrial matrix
2. Not all proton go through ATP synthase
3 Not all NADH formed go through electron transport chain
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What are all the parts of the ATP synthase?
9-12: c = proton channel
1 a= connect c to b
2 b=connects membrane embedded parts to matrix embedded ones
ε= epsilon
ɣ= gamma, rotates clockwise direction (120 * 3) which forces all 3 β to change confirmation which releases ATP into mito. matrix
3 β = beta, conformational change
3 α = alpha
δ= delta, connects b to β
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Succinate dehydrogenase being inhibited by oxaloacetate is an example of what?
Competitive inhibition in the Krebs Cycle
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Phosphofructokinase being inhibited by ATP is an example of what?
Allosteric Inhibition in Glycolysis
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Pyruvate Dcarboxylase being inhibited by NADH is an example of what?
Allosteric inhibition in Pyruvate Oxidation
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Citrate synthase being inhibited by ATP is an example of what?
Allosteric inhibition in the Kreb Cycle
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Describe the experiment done to prove a proton gradient was needed to make ATP
Proton gradient observed in light and dark environment in bacteria, only the light environment produced ATP
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Describe the experiment done to prove a segment in the ATP synthase actually does a 360 rotation
Actin was attached to ɣ subunit and then ATP was sent through. Actin was observed to move 360 proving that the ɣ subunit also rotates 360.