protein structure on chromatids where spindle microtubules attach
kinetochore
16
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kinetochore is located at the __ region
centromere
17
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interphase has __ nucleus
1
18
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interphase has __ chromosomes, each consisting of __ chromatid(s)
46, 1
19
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prophase has __ nucleus
1
20
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prophase has __ chromosomes, each consisting of __ chromatid(s)
46, 2
21
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telophase has __ nucleus
2
22
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t/f: cell cycle includes both interphase and mitosis
true
23
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t/f: interphase is much longer and complicated than mitosis
true
24
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__ phase of cell cycle is the key phase in controlling cell division
G1
25
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determines whether cell divides
restriction point of G1
26
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stimulates other cells to divide
growth factor
27
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says that crowded cells usually stop dividing
density dependent inhibition
28
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a single individual is the sole parent and passes on all of its genes directly to its offspring
asexual reproduction
29
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group of genetically identical individuals
clone
30
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t/f: no multicellular organisms can reproduce asexually
false, some can
31
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the only possible differences between the parent and offspring will be via __
mutations
32
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much greater genetic variation results from __ reproduction compared to __ reproduction
sexual, asexual
33
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karyotype organizes chromosomes according to
number, size, type
34
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chromosomes in karyotype are arrested in the __ stage of mitosis
metaphase
35
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chromosomes that look quite similar but were inherited from different parents
homologous chromosomes
36
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in __ organisms, chromosomes are matched in homologous pairs
diploid
37
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specific location of a gene
locus
38
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homologs differ in the version of some genes at their corresponding __
loci
39
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X and Y
sex chromosomes
40
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non sex chromosomes
autosomes
41
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cell with a single set of chromosomes
haploid
42
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cell containing 2 sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
diploid
43
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process that halves the diploid set to a single haploid set of chromosomes
meiosis
44
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restores the diploid set from meiosis
fertilization
45
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meiosis II results in __ daughter cells instead of 2 and each has only __ the number of chromosomes
4, half
46
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arrangement of chromosomes on the __ plate determines which chromosomes will be packaged together
metaphase I
47
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a point at which paired chromosomes remain in contact during metaphase I of meiosis, and at which crossing over and exchange of genetic material occur.
chiasmata
48
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crossing over occurs during __ of meiosis I
prophase
49
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__ produces individual chromosomes that combine genes inherited from our 2 parents
crossing over
50
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when homologous portions of 2 non sister chromatids trade places
recombination
51
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humans have __-__ crossovers per pair of chromosomes
2-3
52
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yellow, purple, round
dominant
53
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green, white, wrinkled
recessive
54
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each gamete has __ allele(s)
1
55
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members of a pair of genes separate from each other during gamete formation
law of segregation
56
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each character an organism inherits __ allele(s)
2
57
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alternate versions of genes
alleles
58
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genetic composition
genotype
59
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outward appearance
phenotype
60
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cross involving genes at 1 locus
monohybrid cross
61
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to determine genotype of a parent with a dominant phenotype, a __ can be done on unknown genotype
test cross
62
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tester
homozygous recessive
63
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mendel's second law
law of independent assortment
64
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says that genes for a pair of traits are distributed independently of one another when gametes are formed
law of independent assortment
65
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law of independent assortment only occurs when the genes are
on separate chromosomes
66
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examines the inheritance of genes at __ loci
2
67
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dominant allele codes for
functional protein
68
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recessive allele codes for
nonfunctional protein
69
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__ dominance says that YY and Yy have the same phenotype
complete
70
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__ dominance says that both alleles are expressed. ex: AB blood
co
71
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__ dominance says that the phenotype is intermediate between homozygous phenotypes
incomplete
72
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an individual can only have __ alleles per locus
2
73
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t/f: an individual can only have 2 alleles per locus, but there can be more than 2 in the population
true
74
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blood groups are examples of (2)
multiple alleles and codominance
75
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t/f: each sperm and egg can have multiple alleles
false; only 1
76
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gene interaction
epistasis
77
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a gene at one location may affect more than one trait
pleiotropy
78
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multiple genes affect one trait
polygenic inheritance
79
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phenotype is the results of interaction between
genotype and environment
80
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males designated with __
squares
81
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females designated with __
circles
82
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trait being traced is designated with __
shaded area
83
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a death is designated with __
slashed area
84
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chromosomes occur in __ nuclei
2n
85
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chromosomes separate at __
meiosis
86
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t/f: chromosomes exhibit independent assortment
true
87
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chromosomes unite at __
fertilization
88
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a cell contains __ genes
thousands
89
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t/f: all genes follow independent assortment
false, lots of genes on the same chromosome
90
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genes that are close together on the same chromosome
linked
91
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linked chromosomes do not exhibit independent assortment during __
meiosis
92
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on different chromosomes, independent assortment
unlinked genes
93
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first to associate a specific gene with a specific chromosome
Thomas Hunt Morgan
94
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gene takes its symbol from the first __ discovered