mcgraw hill unit 1 review

anatomy

the study of body structures

physiology

the study of how the body functions (process/ role of structure)

6 levels of body organization

1) chemical 2) cellular 3) tissue 4) organ 5) organ system 6) organism

chemical level

atoms join to make molecules (2 or more)

cellular level

molecules join to make cells

tissue level

similar cells working together to form tissues

organ level

two or more different tissues working together to form organs

organ system level

organs working together form the organ system

organism level

multiple organ systems together

organs of the integumentary system

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

the function of the integumentary system

protection, temp regulation, water loss prevention, production of vitamin D

organs in the skeletal system

bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints

function of the skeletal system

protection and support, allows for movement, production of blood cells, stores minerals and adipose

organs in the muscular system

muscles attached to skeletons by tendons

functions of muscular system

body movement, posture, body heat

organs in the nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors

functions of nervous system

detects sensations and controls movements/ response

organs in endocrine system

glands (pituitary)

function of endocrine system

secretes hormones, metabolism, growth, reproduction

organs in cardiovascular system

heart, blood vessels, blood

function of cardiovascular system

transport O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, waste, plays a role in immune response

organs in lymphatic/ immune system

lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen

function of lymphatic/ immune system

fights infection, removes foreign substances

organs in respiratory system

lungs, trachea

organs in digestive system

mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, anus

function of digestive system

breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates waste

organs in urinary system

kidneys, urinary bladder, ducts

function of urinary system

removed waste from blood, regulates blood pH, expels urine

organs in reproductive systems

women: ovaries, uterus/ tubes, vagina, mammary glands

men: tastes, penis, ducts

function of reproductive systems

women: oocyte, fetal development, milk

men: sperm

what is homeostasis?

used to stabilize the internal environment and keep conditions within a normal range despite changes in the outside environment

how does the body perform homeostasis?

receptor (nerves)- detects change(stimuli) // control center(brain)- determines set point, processes info // effector(feedback loop)- makes adjustments to regulate

negative feedback loop

reverses or counteracts a change in the body. ex. temp regulation, blood glucose reg (eating sugar for insulin)

positive feedback loop

amplifies the change in the body, one time irregular occurance. ex. childbirth, blood clotting

define anatomical position

standing erect, facing forward, limbs hanging at sides, palms forward, feet forward

what are the 9 quad regions

R hypochondriac, R lumbar, R iliac // epigastric region, umbilical region, hypogastric region // L hypochondriac, L lumbar, L iliac

sagittal plane

right and left sides

frontal plane

front and back sides

transverse plane

top and bottom sides

oblique plane

slanted, not a right angle

cranial cavity

in skull, brain

vertebral cavity

in spine, spinal cord

mediastinum cavity

in chest (thoracic), between lungs, heart

pleural cavity

sides of chest(thoracic), lungs

abdominal cavity

in belly, digestive organs like stomach, intestines, liver, spleen

pelvic cavity

pelvis area, urinary bladder, urethra, rectum, repro organs

diaphragm

between the thoracic and abdominal cavities

serous membranes do what?

reduce friction

parietal serous membranes

outside wall to keep inner fluid in

visceral serous membranes

inside touching the organs, keeping inner fluid off organ

peritoneal cavity

abdomen (guts), mesentaries keep guts in place (parietal paritoneum, visceral paritoneum)

pleural cavity

lung serous membranes (parietal pluera and visceral pluera)

pericardial cavity

heart (parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium, pericardial fluid)

sodium’s ion is?

Na+

Magnesium’s ion is?

Mg2+

potassium’s ion is

K+

Calcium’s ion is

Ca2+

hydrogens ion is?

H+

irons ion is?

Fe2+

Chlorines ion is?

Cl-

why don’t oxygen, carbon and nitrogen have ions?

not ionic bonds, covalent bonds because of 4 valence electrons

what are the 4 most abundant elements in the body?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

what is an ion?

an element that has gained or lost an electron

what’s an anion?

a negatively charged ion

what’s a cation?

a positively charged ion

what are electrolytes?

cations and anions that dissociate(separate) in water (electrolytes: can conduct electrical current)

metabolism is?

the sum of all chemical reactions

what is anabolism?

an anabolic reaction or known as- dehydration synthesis

what is dehydration synthesis?

-synthesis reaction

-builds larger molecules (polymers) from smaller ones by removing water (produces water out of reaction)

-chemical bonds made, energy stored in bonds (forms ATP)

what is catabolism?

a catabolic reaction or known as- hydrolysis

what is hydrolysis?

-decomposition reaction

-breaks down polymers into monomers (smaller parts) by adding a water molecule

-chemical bonds broken, energy released

-ex. food digestion breaks down ATP to form ADP

what are the 4 biological macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

carbs have 3 major roles, what are they?

-makes up parts of organic molecules

-broken down to provide energy

-undigested= bulk in feces

what’s a monosaccharide?

glucose, blood sugar (a monomer-simple building block) - multiples make large carbohydrates

what is glycogen?

-a polysaccharide (long chains of monosaccharides)

-main storage form for glucose (energy)

-made of monomers (glucose molecules)

what are lipids/ functions?

-insoluble in water (like oil)

-major energy storage molecule

-protection and insulation

-form plasma membranes

-regulate physiological processes

what’s a phospholipid?

a phosphate (head) replaces one fatty acid (tail) in a triglyceride to make a phospholipid

-main part of cell membranes

-hydrophilic head (phosphate/ loves water so it faces the inter and outer fluids ICF AND ECF)

-hydrophobic tails (fatty acids/ hates water so its inside the membrane and helps things move along it)

what is cholesterol/ function?

provides stability to the cell membranes

-animal cells, multiple rings

-precursor for steroid hormones

what’s a triglyceride/ function?

the monomer (simple building blocks) of a lipid which is 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol

-dietary fats for storing energy and insulation

what are the functions of proteins?

-regulate body processes

-act as a transport molecule

-provide protection

-help muscles contract

-provide structure and energy

what are amino acids?

the monomers (simple building blocks) for making proteins—> form polypeptide polymers (long chain of amino acids)

-10 essential through diet/ 10 nonessential that are made in the body

-examples of proteins: enzymes, antibodies, hormones

what are nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

-made of nucleotides (monomers)

what does DNA do?

provides the recipe or instructions on how and when to make proteins

-comes from nucleus

what does mRNA do?

transcribes a specific section of a genes DNA sequence (stop codon tells when to stop)

what does rRNA do?

translates and reads the mRNA 3 nucleotides at a time

what does tRNA do?

brings the codon (3 set of nucleotides) over to match with what the rRNA called for

what is ATP?

adenosine triphosphate (is a nucleotide)

-energy storage molecule (made from hydrolysis(breakdown of glucose))

what is an acid?

LOWER than 7 pH

-high in hydrogen ions (H+)

-releases hydrogen ions (proton donor)

-more hydrogen, low pH

what is basic or alkaline?

HIGHER than 7 pH to 14

-binds to hydrogen ions (proton acceptor)

-releases hydroxide when dissolved

-less hydrogen, higher pH

what is neutral?

no net movement

-blood pH is between 7.35-7.45

what is a buffer?

helps maintain homeostasis by absorbing excess hydrogen ions

-ex. bicarbonate buffer system maintains a normal blood pH of 7.4

what are the 3 main parts of a cell?

plasma membrane (outside), cytoplasm (internal gel holding everything in place), nucleus (control center containing DNA)

what is intercellular fluid (ICF)?

inside the cell/ 2/3rds of the body’s water

-high in potassium ions (K+) and negatively charged proteins (anions or electrolytes)

-cellular reactions and structure

what is extracellular fluid (ECF)?

outside of the cell/ 1/3rd of body’s water

-high in sodium ions (Na+/ Ca2+/ Cl-)

-interstitial fluid which surrounds the cells (exchanges between cells and blood)

-plasma, liquid portion of blood inside blood vessels

what is concentration?

amount of solute (salt/ mix in) in a given amount of solvent (water/ liquid to break down solute)

what is diffusion?

when molecules go from a high concentration to a low concentration (constant movement)

-follows the concentration gradient

-passive/ doesn’t require energy (atp)

what increases diffusion rate?

-magnitude of concentration gradient

-temp of the solution

-size of diffusing molecules

-viscosity of the solution

what is osmosis?

more water % goes to less water %

-thirstier solution/object pulls the water in to it to reach an equilibrium (isotonic)

what is isotonic

no net movement in or out of the cell

-doesn’t shrink or swell

what is hypertonic

salty solution = shriveled cell (crenate)

-hydrated cell has water to give to salty water to try to reach equilibrium