Topcit Topic 3

System

A collection of interconnected components working toward a goal.

Open System

A system that interacts with its environment, e.g., Internet-based applications.

Closed System

A self-contained system with no external interaction, e.g., standalone software.

Dynamic System

A system that continuously adapts, e.g., AI-powered applications.

Operating System (OS)

Software that manages hardware and software resources on a computer.

Real-time OS

An operating system that processes data instantly for critical tasks.

Von Neumann Architecture

A computing model characterized by a CPU, memory, and I/O.

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

A component of the CPU that performs calculations.

TCP/IP

A standard for data communication over the Internet.

Cloud Computing

On-demand access to computing resources over the internet.

Fault Tolerance

The ability of a system to remain operational despite failures.

Big Data

Large-scale data management systems designed to handle massive datasets.

Encryption

The process of converting information into a coded format to prevent unauthorized access.

Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)

A security mechanism that requires more than one form of verification.

Zero-Trust Security Model

Assumes no user or device is trusted by default and requires continual verification.

Incident Response Plan

A predefined strategy for managing and responding to security breaches.

Data Masking

The process of obscuring specific data within a database to protect it.

DDoS Attack

A Distributed Denial of Service attack intended to make services unavailable by overwhelming them.

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

A service that creates a secure connection over the Internet.

Machine Learning

A subset of AI that enables systems to learn from data and improve over time.

Blockchain

A decentralized and tamper-proof ledger used for secure transactions.

Edge Computing

Processing data closer to the source instead of relying on central cloud servers.

Data Loss Prevention (DLP)

A strategy for ensuring that sensitive data is not lost, misused, or accessed by unauthorized users.

SQL Injection

An attack where malicious SQL statements are inserted into an entry field for execution.

Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

A security vulnerability that allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into web pages.