ITM exam

database

well designed, organized, and carefully managed collection of data

data

raw facts

information

collection of organized and processed data and has additional value beyond the value of individual facts

knowledge

provides awareness and understanding of a set of information, and shows how information can support a specific task or be used to reach a decision

high-quality data

accessible, accurate, complete, economical, relevant, reliable

benefits gained from high quality data

improved decision making, increase of costumer satisfaction, increase in sales, innovation improvement, raises productivity, ensures compliance

accessible data

information should be easily accessible by authorized users so they can obtain it in the right format and at the right time to meet their needs

accurate data

error free and in some cases, inaccurate information is generated because inaccurate data is fed into the transformation process from data to information. called garbage in, garbage out.

complete data

contains all the important facts. for example, an investment report that does not include all important costs is not complete.

economical data

should also be relatively economical to produce. decision makers must always balance the value of information with the cost of producing it

relevant data

important to the decision maker. information showing that lumber prices might drop is probably not relevant to a computer chip manufacturer

reliable data

can be trusted by users. in cases the reliability of the information depends on the reliability of the data-collection method. a rumor from an unknown source that oil prices might go up may not be reliable.

timely data

delivered when it is needed. knowing last week’s weather conditions will not help when trying to

decide what coat to wear today

verifiable data

you can check it to make sure it is correct, perhaps by checking many sources for the same information.

data hierarchy - entity

person, place, or thing for which data is collected, stored and maintaine

data hierarchy - file

collection of entities

data hierarchy - attribute

characteristic of an entity

data hierarchy - domain

range of allowable values for a data attribute

data hierarchy - data item

specific value of a data attribute

data hierarchy - record

collection of attributes about a specific entity

data hierarchy - primary key

attribute or set of attributes that uniquely identifies the record

data hierarchy - foreign key

attribute in one table that refers to the primary key in another table

database management system

a group of programs provided by the DBMS supplier, programs used to access and manage a database, and provides an interface between the database and its users and other application programs

schema

a description that defines the databases’ logical and physical structure, and identifies the tables and the attributes in each table, also identifies the relationships between attributes and tables, DBMS can reference a schema

relational database

data is organized into relations, rows are entities, columns are attributes

selecting

eliminating rows according to certain criteria

projecting

eliminating columns in a table

joining

combining two or more tables through data attributes to create a new table

data normalization

eliminates data redundancy

relational database MODEL

the manager supervises, the department proforms, and it ends in the project

SQL

special purpose programming language used for accessing and manipulating relational database data

SQL database

conform to ACID properties

SELECT ClientName, Debt FROM Client WHERE Debt > 1000

displays clients (ClientName) and the amount they owe the company (Debt) from a database table called Client; the query would only display clients who owe the company more than $1,000 (WHERE Debt > 1000).

data management 

integrated set of functions that defines the processes by which data is obtained. certified fit for use, stored, secured and processed.

database administrator

skilled and trained IS professional that holds discussions with business users and defines their data needs

data steward

a non IS employee that manages critical date entities or attributes

database lifecycle management (DLM)

a policy based approach, manages enterprises data flow

concurrency control

the process of coordinating multiple transactions to make sure they are executed properly

transaction processing system

captures and processes detailed data to update records about fundamental business operations

batch processing system

business transactions are accumulated over a period of time and prepared for processing as a single unit or batch

online transaction processing (OLTP)

each transaction is processed immediately and data in an online system reflects current status

expectations of TPSs

capture, process and updates databased, make sure they’re accurate, avoid fraudulent transactions and produce timely user responses and reports

TPS systems

order processing systems, accounting systems and purchasing systems

transaction processing cycle

data collection, data editing, data correction, data processing, data storage, document production

enterprise system

central to individuals and organizations of all sizes and ensures information can be shared across all business functions and all levels of management to support running and managing of a business

reliance of enterprise systems

sales and marketing, HR, product supply and distribution, manufacturing, taxation, accounting

enterprise resource planning

set of integrated programs that manage a company’s vital business operations for an entire organization

business process

set of coordinated and related activities that takes one or more kinds of input and creates an output of a value to the costumer of that process

enterprise planning advantages

improved access to quality data, AI generated insights, eliminated of costly legacy systems and improvement of work processes

costumer relationship management

helps a company manage all aspects of customer encounters such as marketing, sales, distribution, accounting and costumer service

product lifecycle management

enterprise business strat. that creates a common repository of product information and processes

product lifestyle management software

provides a means for managing data and processes associated with various phases of the lifecycle of a product

computer aided design

use of software to assist in the creation, analysis, and modification of the design of a component or product

computer-aided engineering

use of software to analyze the robustness and performance of components and assemblies

computer-aided manufacturing

use of software to control tools and machinery in manufacture of components and products

discrete manufacturing

production of distant items (autos,airplanes,furniture, or toys) that can be decomposed into their basic components

process manufacturing

production of products that are the result of a chemical process (gas and drugs) that cannot be easily decomposed

MIS (management information system)

a computer based system that collects, processes and stores data to help managers make informed decisions to improve their organizational efficiency

DDS (decision support system)

computer based system that analyzes data to help managers make informed decisions and have support for that

KMS (knowledge management system)

helps organizations capture, organized, store and share their collective knowledge to improve efficiency and decision making

artificial intelligence

computers with the ability to mimic or duplicate the functions of the human brain

artificial intelligence systems

include people, procedures, hardware, software, data and knowledge needed to develop computer systems to simulate human intelligence processes

the turing test

a test that sees a machines ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to or indistiguishable from a human, not yet passed by a computer

augmented reality

a technology that superimposes a computer generated image on a users view of the real world, eg. a furniture store app

virtual reality

a computer generated simulation of a three-dimensional image or enviorment that can be interacted with

artificial neural network

a computer system that can recognize and act on patterns trends that it detects in large sets of data

artificial neural network model

training, input, recognition, result

machine learning

ability of a computer to learn without having a programmer change the software for every scenario

natural language processing

involves the computer understanding, analyzing, manipulating and/or generating natural language for processing and is widely used in search engines

brain computer interface

interacts with a humans neural structure and translates the information into activity, heavily used in the medical field 

robotics

technology using a combination of mechanical engineering, computer science, and machine learning to create a device that can preform tasks with a high degree of precision

industrial robots

designed for speed, accuracy, and safety

impact of AI on employees and careers

organizations need to strategically plan for a potential impact on future employment

genetic algorithm

evolutionary algorithms that solve optimization problems by mimicking natural selection

advanced vision system

hardware and software that permit computers to capture, store and manipulate visual images and pictures