GB1-Chapter 8

open system

energy and matter can be transferred between system and its surroundings

1st law of thermodynamics

energy can’t be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed or transferred.

principle of energy conservation

2nd law of thermodynamics

energy is lost as heat during the transformation or transfer

energy transformation/ transfer increases the entropy of the universe- higher disorder

organisms increase the disorder of their surroundings with metabolism- breaking things down to smaller things- more messier

spontaneous processes

happens with no energy input

nonspontaneous process

• decreases entropy

• requires energy input- because it takes effort to start cleaning, its nonspontaneous and it makes the room cleaner

enzymes

lowers Ea- activation energy so things can happen more easily. Ea activation energy is usually heat.

lowering Ea can happen by realigning/ stretching the substrate.

an enzyme catalyzed reaction can be sped up by increasing the substrate concentration

induced fit

when substrates enters a enzyme, the enzyme changes shape to maximize the catalysis.

saturated enzyme

active site is engaged. if the active site is already saturated, adding more enzyme can speed up reaction time.

cofactors

nonprotein helpers that bind substrates to enzymes

inorganic cofactors- Zu, Fe, Cu

organic cofactors- coenzyme

coopertivity

one binding causes shape change- stabilizes all active sites