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Keystone Exam: Constructed Response
CCARS - complete clear accurate relevant s-
atp
2 pieces of evidence
prompt asks 2 things
purpose of imagery
Imagery is used in literature to create vivid mental images in the reader's mind. It helps to enhance the reader's understanding of the text by appealing to their senses and emotions. The purpose of imagery is to make the text more engaging and memorable, as well as to convey the author's message in a more powerful way.
purpose of personification
gives human-like characteristics to non-human things
Gives human-like characteristics to non-human like things to help the reader relate to and better understand the text. Makes the text more engaging for the reader.
main idea
key info the author wants you to know
central point or message that the author coneys in a piece of writing. most important thought or concept the reader should take away from the text
main idea vs theme
the main idea is what the book is mostly about. the theme is the message, moral, or lesson of the book.
finding the main idea
ask yourself who or whom the writing is about
ask “what does the author want me to know about this topic”
authors often explicitly state the main idea in the intro or conclusion
ask yourself what the protagonist or characters are learning
look for reversal transitions…. words like but, otherwise, however.
look for ideas that are repeated in different ways
Fiction vs. Nonfiction
Fiction comes from imagination vs. nonfiction that’s solely based on facts.
Figurative Language
Tools or techniques that writers use to make their writing more interesting or easier to understand.
Purpose of Figurative Language
Authors use fig. lang. to better communicate their complex and abstract ideas that cannot be easily understood. Help to elicit emotion, help readers form mental images and draw readers into the work.
Author’s Purpose
Author’s reason for writing. P. I. E. = Persuade, Inform, or Entertain. We can ask ourselves about word choice, tone, connotations, and opinions an author includes in the writing to find the author’s purpose.
Connotation
the feeling a word evokes
Denotation
dicstionary definition of a word
rhyming poem
the pattern of sounds that repeats at the end of a line or stanza
meter
prose
written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.
stanza
a division of a poem consisting of a series of lines arranged together in a usually repeating pattern of rhythm and rhyme.
syntax
The ordering of words into meaningful verbal patterns such as phrases, clauses, and sentences.
free verse
poetry that does not rhyme and does not have a regular rhythm.
sonnet
a poem of fourteen lines using any of a number of formal rhyme schemes, in English typically having ten syllables per line.
ballad
heroic couplet
Affix
One or more letters occurring as a bound form attached to the beginning, end, or base of a word and serving to
produce a derivative word or an inflectional form (e.g., a prefix or suffix).
Allegory
A form of extended metaphor in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative are equated with meanings
that lie outside the narrative itself. The underlying meaning may have moral, social, religious, or political significance, and
characters are often personifications of abstract ideas such as charity, greed, or envy.
alliteration
The repetition of initial sounds in neighboring words.
allusion
An implied or indirect reference in literature to a familiar person, place, or event.
analysis
The process or result of identifying the parts of a whole and their relationships to one another.
antonym
A word that is the opposite in meaning to another word.
Argument/Position
The position or claim the author establishes. Arguments should be supported with valid evidence
and reasoning and balanced by the inclusion of counterarguments that illustrate opposing viewpoints.
bias
The subtle presence of a positive or negative approach toward a topic
biography
a written account of another persons life
character
A person, animal or inanimate object portrayed in a literary work.
characterization
The method an author uses to reveal characters and their various traits and personalities
(e.g., direct, indirect).
climax
The turning point in a narrative; the moment when the conflict is at its most intense. Typically, the structure of
stories, novels, and plays is one of rising action, in which tension builds to the climax.
compare/contrast
Place together characters, situations, or ideas to show common and/or differing features in literary
selections.
conflict
A struggle or clash between opposing characters, forces, or emotions.
context clues
Words and phrases in a sentence, paragraph, and/or whole text, which help reason out the meaning of an
unfamiliar word.
cultural significance
The generally accepted importance of a work representing a given culture.
defense of a claim
Support provided to mark an assertion as reasonable.
dialect
A variety of a language distinct from the standard variety in pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary.
dialogue
In its widest sense, dialogue is simply conversation between characters or speakers in a literary work; in its
most restricted sense, it refers specifically to the speech of characters in a drama.
Differentiate
Distinguish, tell apart, and recognize differences between two or more items.
drama
The genre of literature represented by works intended for the stage; a work to be performed by actors on stage,
radio, or television; play.
dramatic script
The written text of a play, which includes the dialogue between characters, stage directions and often
other expository information.
draw conclusion
To make a judgment or decision based on reasoning rather than direct or implicit statement.
elements of fiction
Traits that mark a work as imaginative or narrative discourse (e.g., plot, theme, symbol).
elements of nonfiction
Traits that mark a work as reportorial, analytical, informative or argumentative (e.g., facts,
data, charts, graphics, headings).
evaluate
Examine and judge carefully. To judge or determine the significance, worth or quality of something; to assess.
explain
to make clear and understandable
explicit
Clearly expressed or fully stated in the actual text.
exposition
A narrative device, often used at the beginning of a work that provides necessary background information
about the characters and their circumstances.
fact
A piece of information provided objectively, presented as true.
falling action
The part of a literary plot that is characterized by diminishing tensions and the resolution of the plot’s
conflicts and complications.
fiction
Any story that is the product of imagination rather than a documentation of fact. Characters and events in such
narratives may be based in real life but their ultimate form and configuration is a creation of the author.
figurative language
Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.
first person
The “first person” or “personal” point of view relates events as they are perceived by a single character. The
narrating character may offer opinions about the action and characters that differ from those of the author.
flashback
An organizational device used in literature to present action that occurred before current (present) time of
the story. Flashbacks are often introduced as the dreams or recollections of one or more characters.
focus
the center of interest or attention
foreshadowing
An organizational device used in literature to create expectation or to set up an explanation of later
developments.
generalization
A conclusion drawn from specific information that is used to make a broad statement about a topic or
person.
genre
A category used to classify literary works, usually by form, technique or content (e.g., prose, poetry).
headings, graphics, charts
Any visual cues on a page of text that offer additional information to guide the
reader’s comprehension. Headings typically are words or phrases in bold print that indicate a topic or the theme of a
portion of text; graphics may be photographs, drawings, maps or any other pictorial representation; charts (and tables or
graphs) condense data into a series of rows, lines or other shortened lists.
hyperbole
extreme exaggeration
imagery
Descriptive or figurative language in a literary work; the use of language to create sensory impressions.
implicit
Though unexpressed in the actual text, meaning that may be understood by the reader; implied.
inference
A judgment based on reasoning rather than on a direct or explicit statement. A conclusion based on facts or
circumstances; understanding gained by “reading between the lines.”
informational text
Nonfiction written primarily to convey factual information. Informational texts comprise the majority
of printed material adults read (e.g., textbooks, newspapers, reports, directions, brochures, technical manuals).
interpret
To give reasons through an explanation to convey and represent the meaning or understanding of a text.
irony
The use of a word or phrase to mean the exact opposite of its literal or usual meaning; incongruity between the
actual result of a sequence of events and the expected result.
key/supporting details
Points of information in a text that strongly support the meaning or tell the story. Statements
that define, describe, or otherwise provide information about the topic, theme, or main idea.
key words
Specific word choices in a text that strongly support the tone, mood, or meaning of the text.
literary device
Tool used by the author to enliven and provide voice to the text (e.g., dialogue, alliteration).
literary element
An essential technique used in literature (e.g., characterization, setting, plot, theme).
literary form
The overall structure or shape of a work that frequently follows an established design. Forms may refer to
a literary type (narrative, short story) or to patterns of meter, lines, and rhymes (stanza, verse).
literary movement
A trend or pattern of shared beliefs or practices that mark an approach to literature (e.g., Realism,
Naturalism, Romanticism).
literary nonfiction
Text that includes literary elements and devices usually associated with fiction to report on actual
persons, places, or events. Examples include nature and travel text, biography, memoir and the essay.
main idea
The author’s central thought; the chief topic of a text expressed or implied in a word or phrase; the topic
sentence of a paragraph.
metaphor
The comparison of two unlike things in which no words of comparison (like or as) are used (e.g., The speech
gave me food for thought.)
monologue
An extended speech spoken by one speaker, either to others or as if alone.
mood
The prevailing emotions or atmosphere of a work derived from literary devices such as dialogue and literary
elements such as setting. The mood of a work is not always what might be expected based on its subject matter.
motif
a reccuring subject, theme or idea
multiple meaning words
Words that have several meanings depending upon how they are used in a sentence.
narrative
A story, actual or fictional, expressed orally or in text.
narrator
A person, animal, or thing telling the story or giving an account of something.
nonfiction
Text that is not fictional; designed primarily to explain, argue, instruct or describe rather than entertain. For
the most part, its emphasis is factual.