APUSH Period 3 Terms

Quiz Date 10/7/24; Test Date 10/9/24

Albany Congress

Intercolonial congress summoned by British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in escalating war against French.

Pontiac's Uprising

Bloody campaign waged by Ottawa chief Pontiac to drive British out of Ohio Country. Brutally crushed by British troops who resorted to distributing blankets infected with smallpox to put down rebellion.

Proclamation of 1763

Law forbidding English colonists to settle west of Appalachian Mountains

Republicanism

Belief that government should be based on consent of the people (voting for political representatives) instead of monarchy at the time.

Virtual Representation

Key British political theory used to justify British authority over colonies and issue sparking Revolution: even though colonists had no representatives physically in British Parliament, they were still considered to represent Parliament and its goodwill for Britain. Used to counter colonial objections to taxation/laws imposed, but colonists argue they should have direct representation on body that affected them

Stamp Act Congress

Assembly of nine delegates from nine colonies who met in NYC to draft a petition to repeal Stamp Act. Helped ease sectional suspicions and promote intercolonial unity.

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Patriotic groups that played a central role in agitating against the Stamp Act and enforcing non-importation arguments

Declaratory Act

Passed after repeal of Stamp Act: reaffirmed Parliament's unqualified sovereignty over North American colonies.

Committees of Correspondence

Local committees established across Massachusetts, and later in each of 13 colonies, to maintain colonial opposition to British policies through exchange of letters and pamphlets

Intolerable Acts

Series of laws passed to punish Boston for Tea Party, revoking some rights and expanding Quartering Acts. Colonists called for First Continental Congress as a result.

First Continental Congress

Convention of delegates from 12-13 colonies that convened in Philadelphia to make a response to Intolerable Acts. Resulted in the Association, a nonimportation agreement calling for complete boycott of British goods.

Second Continental Congress

Representative body of delegates from all 13 colonies that drafted Declaration of Independence against British and managed colonial war effort.

Olive Branch Petition

Conciliatory measure adopted by Continental Congress to British, professing American loyalty and seeking end to hostility. King George rejected petition and claimed colonies were in rebellion.

Common Sense

Thomas Paine's pamphlet urging colonies to declare independence and establish republican government. Helped convince colonists to support Revolution against Britain.

Loyalists

Colonists opposing Revolution and maintained loyalty to King, sometimes referred to as "Tories"

Patriots

Colonists who supported Revolution known as "Whigs"

Battle of Saratoga

Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York (blunder by Burgoyne), which helped secure French support for Revolutionary cause and was turning point of Revolutionary War.

Treaty of Paris 1783

Treaty that ended Revolutionary War, confirming US independence and setting boundaries of new nation.

Republican Motherhood

Idea that American women had special responsibility to cultivate and educate "civic virtue" in their children

Land Ordinance of 1785

Laid out how lands west of Appalachian Mountains were to be surveyed and divided/sold (recall square sections of land) to pay off war debts.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created Northwest Territory, establishing conditions for self-government and how to become a state, including Bill of Rights, and prohibited slavery.

Shay's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of Revolutionary vet farmers in Western Massachusetts, protesting mortgage foreclosures and taxes. Urged need for law changes and issues with republicanism (wealthy had too much power over some)

Bicameral

Representation of Congress through state population: this is seen in the Virginia Plan, a "large" state proposal for a new constitution with this in mind.

Great Compromise

Established two houses of Congress: House of Representatives (representation based on state's population) and Senate (each state has two representatives)

Three-Fifths Compromise

Compromise between northern and southern states at Constitutional Convention that ⅗ of the slave population would be counted for determining taxation/representation in population in House of Reps.

Electoral College System

Body of people representing states of the US, who formally cast votes for election of president and vice president.

Ratification

Formal approval/confirmation of proposed law/amendment, specifically used for the ratification of Constitution from weaker Articles of Confederation for a stronger federal govt: involved each of the thirteen original colonies to debate/vote (9/13) to approve.

Federalist

Supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates (loose construction for federal power). More on the wealthy, well-educated side with leader Alexander Hamilton.

Anti-Federalist

Opponents of Constitution's ratification (strict construction to restrict federal power) and strong central government: included the poorer class with leader Thomas Jefferson.

The Federalist Papers

Collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison to defend Constitution

Whiskey Rebellion

Protest against government's tax on whiskey by backcountry revolutionary vet farmers. They were crushed, but led charges in law and in upholding republicanism.

Federalist Party

Federalist system of government, loose interpretation of Constitution, favored strong federal government, pro-national bank, and anti-French.

Democratic-Republican Party

Believed people should have political power, strong state governments, emphasis on agriculture, strict construction of Constitution, pro-French, and opposed National Bank.

Proclamation of Neutrality

President Washington's statement that US will not support/aid French or British in European conflict following French Revolution.

Treaty of Greenville

Treaty between Americans and Native Americans: in exchange for some goods, the Natives gave US Ohio territory.

Washington's Farewell Address

Washington's speech leaving Presidency urging US to maintain neutrality and avoid permanent alliances with European nations. Wanted temporary alliances in emergency, but wasn't against alliances altogether.

Alien Acts

Created by Federalists in office against Dems: allowed president to expel foreigners that supported democratic republicans who are dangerous to peace/safety of US

Sedition Acts

Created by Federalists in office against Dems: limited free speech and could be put in jail for conspiring against govt. or aiding in rebellion against Federalists.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Resolutions passed in 1978 that attacked Alien and Sedition Acts as being unconstitutional. They argued that they could nullify laws they didn't like, so they denied these acts.

XYZ Affair

Insult to American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead sent 3 officials Adams called "X, Y, Z" that demanded $250k as a bribe to see Talleyrand. Went home in anger.

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's election changed direction of government from Federalist to Democratic Republican, so it was called a "revolution"