the cell- effects of mutations

mutations quiz apr9th, 2024

mutations

changes in the base sequence of a cell’s DNA

chromosomal mutations

mutations that generally occur during meiosis when cells divide to produce gametes

gene mutations

mutations that occur during DNA replication in which nucleotides can be lost, rearranged, or paired incorrectly resulting in a change in base sequence

mutagens

environmental factor that can cause a mutation such as chemicals and radiations

carcinogens

mutations that cause cancer

due to a change in one or more of the bases in the DNA molecule

gene mutation occurs…

mRNA transcript, polypeptide chains, resulting protein product, phenotype of an organism

when genes are mutated, the change will usually be noticed by…

additions, deletions, substitutions

3 basic types of gene mutations

frameshift mutations

mutations such as additions and deletions which can result in drastic changes in the DNA code, leading to a non-functioning protein due to intense alterations

substitution

gene mutation that occurs if a mutation results in the change of a single base in a gene

silent, missense and nonsense mutations

3 types of substitution mutations

silent mutations

mutation that has no effect on protein product and occurs if substitution produces a new codon that stands for the same AA as the original code

missense mutations

mutation that leads to an AA substitution and occurs if the substitution produces a new codon that stands for a DIFFERENT AA than the original code

missense mutations

which mutation is the cause of sickle cell amenia

nonsense mutations

mutation where the base substitution results in a STOP codon (where it is previously coded for an AA) and results in the termination of protein synthesis too early

nonsense mutations

mutation in which the resulting polypeptide is too short and likely will not function

beneficial mutation

rare mutation that the change may improve the cell’s function