Socrates Plato
mind/body seperate
mind continue after death
knowledge is innate (born within)
Aristotle
knowledge comes from observation
knowledge isn't innate
you need data
Early Philosopher (Greeks)
Renee Decartes
proved that fluid in brain flows from nerve to muscle, causing movement
dissected animals
Early Philosophers (French)
John Locke
mind is blank slate at birth (TABULA RASA)
Francis Bacon
founder of modern science
founded empiricism
Early Philosophers (British)
knowledge comes from experience *francis bacon
Empiricism
father of psychology
created first psych lab (set apart psych for philosophy)
experiment: 2 dif trials, subjects told to press the key when hearing sound of ball drop
William Wundt
Wundt's student
STRUCTURALISM
INTROSPECTION
Edward Titchener
studying elements of mind
Structuralism
A method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings
what you think abt your own mental processes
unreliable
Introspection
NATURAL SELECTION (traits that give advantage are selected natural for next generations)
influenced william james
Charles Darwin
FUNCTIONALISM
introduced principles of psych
William James
structures of consciousness must have a function
everything has purpose
nose smells, but why?
Functionalism
memory researcher
denied psych PhD bc #sexism
first female president of APA
Mary Whiton Calkins
first female to get phD in psych
book: Animal Mind
Maragaret Floy Washburn
psych should be objective science
only study what u can see, not unseen mental processes
Behaviorism
B.F Skinner
worked w animals
organisms repeat positive outcomes
#BFFR, BFB (bffr, B.F Behaviorist)
John B. Watson
little Albert study
psych only deals with observable events (rejected introspection)
Behaviorists
*Unconscious effects behavior
developed PSYCHOANALYSIS
Sigmund Freud
unconscious/childhood experiences affect behavior and mental processes
opposing behavioralism
Psychoanalysis/Freudian Psychology
humans strive to reach full potential
personal growth
"third force" in psych
Humanistic Psychology
Controversy about if genes or experiences make psychological traits (twin studies)
Nature
behaviors/mental processes happen bc innate, bc you're born with it
socrates plato, rene decartes, charles darwin
Nurture
behaviors/mental processes happen bc experience and environment
aristotle, john locke
Nature vs Nurture
emotions, dreams, disorders, age of first step, remembering
Gender Differences
study of human thriving (#thrivingnvibing)
goal: find out human strengths & strengthen ppl
Postivie Psychology
*understanding behavior/mental processes from 3 main keypoints:
Behavioral Perspective
how observed behaviors impact mental processes
Biological Perspective
how biological/physiological processes impact mental processes
genes, hormones, hand sweating
Cognitive Perspective
how interpretations of situations impact mental processes
thoughts, memories, problem solving
Biopsychosocial Approach
study of mental processes (thinking, learning, remembering)
Cognitive Psychology
study of brain activity linked with mental processes
how mind processes/retains info
Cognitive Neuroscience
how natural selection helps survival of genes
Evolutionary Perspective
how drive for personal growth impacts behavior/mental processes
Humanistic Perspective
how unconscious drives/conflicts behavior and mental processes
Psychodynamic Perspective
how behavior/thinking vary across situations and cultures
Social-Cultural Perspective
Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review
testing effect: better memory after retrieving, instead of just re-reading
SQ3R Method
Basic
aims to increase psychology's knowledge
Applied
uses psych to solve real world problems
Basic vs. Applied Psychology
Clinical
treats disorders
PhD
therapy and conseling Psychiatrist
MD
prescribes drugs
Clinical Psychologists vs Psychiatrists
believing you would've known, after finding out the outcome
Hindsight Bias
thinking we know more than we do #gaslightingmyself
Overconfidence
thinking you see a pattern just to make sense of it
Perceiving patterns in random events
Curiosity (wanna find truth)
Skepticism (keeping us from accepting ideas w/o proof)
Humility (admitting when wrong when proven by facts)
3 Elements of Scientific Attitude
theory, hypothesis, testing, interpreting results
Scientific Method
idea that organizes observation
Theory
testable prediction that's implied by theory
Hypothesis
exact procedures in study (important to REPLICATE)
Operational Definition
doing procedures again (replication = confirmation)
Replication
case studies
naturalistic observations
survey
Descriptive Methods
individual/group studied in depth to find out something new PROS
lots of quantitive data
gives direction for further study CONS
can't always be generalized
Case Study
observing behavior in natural setting (watching animals in jungle) PROS
subjects more "normal" outside lab
data collecting doesn't disturb subjects CONS
independent variable not isolated
observations from researcher are subjective
Naturalistic Observation
self reported behaviors PROS
glance at people's observations CONS
opinions not always true, can scew outcome
Survey
flaw in sampling that makes it not representable
Sampling Bias
sample that represents population because subjects have equal chance of inclusion (aka RANDOM)
Representative Sample
A relationship between two things NOT CAUSATION
Correlation
two variables increase/decrease together (people who eat more food for breakfast (rise), have more energy (rise))
Positive Correlation
two variables where one increases, other decreases (as we get older (rise), we sleep less (fall))
Negative Correlation
statical index of relationship between variables (shows how strongly they correlate) r = correlation
the closer r is to -1 or +1, the stronger the correlation
(-) and (+) just mean if it's a negative or positive correlation: -0.70 is a stronger correlation than +0.28
Correlation Coefficient
represents values of two variables
slope shows that positive or negative correlation
the closer the "scatter"/dots are to the line, the stronger the correltion
Scatterplot
thinking there's a correlation, when there really isn't/isn't proof there is (wearing "lucky" jersey means team wins)
Illusory Correlation
when the first measurement is extreme (super high or super low), and the second measurement is closer to the mean (goes back down to the average) Ex: doing horrible first apush test, then slowly getting to class average
Regression to the Mean
manipulate other factors
hold control group (don't emphasize independent variable on them)
Establishing Cause & Effect
assignment participants to groups by chance to minimize preexisting differences between two groups
helps eliminate confounding variable
Random Assignment
experiment when participants don't know abt treatment
controls subject bias
Single Blind
experiment when participants and researchers don't know who gets treatment
controls subject and experimenter bias
Double Blind
experimental results caused by expectations alone
subjects think they're getting something, so act like that even though they really aren't
placebo = inert treatment (pill w/o med in it)
decaf coffee, fake mood drugs
Placebo Effect
an unstated factor that influences results (random assignment helps prevent this)
Confounding Variable
how much an experiment predicts what it's supposed to
Experimental Validity
statistics that summarize the data collected in a study
Descriptive Statistics
bar graph that shows frequency distribution
how often something occurs
Histogram
where data centrals around (main data points)
MEAN
Average. add #'s, divide by number of #'s
MEDIAN
Middle score. put #'s in order from high to low, then find middle
MODE
Most frequent. find most popular number, can be multiple or none
MEAN NOT ALWAYS BEST bc super high/low numbers can skew mean higher or lower *median better
Central Tendency
Positively Skewed
outliers on positive side (pulls mean higher) Negatively Skewed
outliers on negative side (pulls mean lower)
Skewed Distribution
different between highest and lowest value
helps with variation
Range
how far away from mean/average
shows if scores packed together or dispersed
Standard Deviation
bell shaped curve, most scores near the average, and less near extremes
68% of scores, 1 standard deviation from mean
95% of scores, 2 standard deviation from mean
99% of scores, 3 standard deviation from mean
Normal Curve
data that lets people assume sample data is true for a population
Inferential Statistics
Descriptive
describe data, measure central tendency
presenting, organizing, summarizing
Inferential
relationships between variables
predicting trends
Descriptive vs Inferential Statistics
how likely it is that the result occurred by chance (p-value) p < 0.5, 95% likely result wasn't bc of chance
Statistical Significance
descriptive
observe/record behaviors
correlational
natural occurring relationships
Experimental
exploring cause and effect
Basic Research Methods
How lab conditions in everyday life Finding: how good at detecting faint light in dark room Principal: how good at flying plane at night
Specific Finding & Theoretic Principals
teach us about humans
have more simple systems
Why psychologists study animals
protect human research participants
Informed consent
Protection from harm
Right to withdrawal
Confidentiality
Debriefing (explaining)
DECEPTION = when true purpose isn't revealed
debriefing is when you let subjects know about the deception that occured
Ethical Guidelines