AP Psych Unit One Test (module 1-8)

1. Socrates Plato
- mind/body seperate
- mind continue after death
- knowledge is innate (born within)
2. Aristotle
- knowledge comes from observation
- knowledge isn't innate
- you need data

Early Philosopher (Greeks)

1. Renee Decartes
- proved that fluid in brain flows from nerve to muscle, causing movement
- dissected animals

Early Philosophers (French)

1. John Locke
- mind is blank slate at birth (TABULA RASA)
2. Francis Bacon
- founder of modern science
- founded empiricism

Early Philosophers (British)

knowledge comes from experience
*francis bacon

Empiricism

- father of psychology
- created first psych lab (set apart psych for philosophy)
- experiment: 2 dif trials, subjects told to press the key when hearing sound of ball drop

William Wundt

- Wundt's student
- STRUCTURALISM
- INTROSPECTION

Edward Titchener

studying elements of mind

Structuralism

A method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings
- what you think abt your own mental processes
- unreliable

Introspection

- NATURAL SELECTION (traits that give advantage are selected natural for next generations)
- influenced william james

Charles Darwin

- FUNCTIONALISM
- introduced principles of psych

William James

structures of consciousness must have a function
- everything has purpose
- nose smells, but why?

Functionalism

- memory researcher
- denied psych PhD bc #sexism
- first female president of APA

Mary Whiton Calkins

- first female to get phD in psych
- book: Animal Mind

Maragaret Floy Washburn

- psych should be objective science
- only study what u can see, not unseen mental processes

Behaviorism

1. B.F Skinner
- worked w animals
- organisms repeat positive outcomes
- #BFFR, BFB (bffr, B.F Behaviorist)

2. John B. Watson
- little Albert study
- psych only deals with observable events (rejected introspection)

Behaviorists

*Unconscious effects behavior
- developed PSYCHOANALYSIS

Sigmund Freud

- unconscious/childhood experiences affect behavior and mental processes
- opposing behavioralism

Psychoanalysis/Freudian Psychology

- humans strive to reach full potential
- personal growth
- "third force" in psych

Humanistic Psychology

Controversy about if genes or experiences make psychological traits (twin studies)

1. Nature
- behaviors/mental processes happen bc innate, bc you're born with it
- socrates plato, rene decartes, charles darwin

2. Nurture
- behaviors/mental processes happen bc experience and environment
- aristotle, john locke

Nature vs Nurture

emotions, dreams, disorders, age of first step, remembering

Gender Differences

- study of human thriving (#thrivingnvibing)
- goal: find out human strengths & strengthen ppl

Postivie Psychology

*understanding behavior/mental processes from 3 main keypoints:

1. Behavioral Perspective
- how observed behaviors impact mental processes

2. Biological Perspective
- how biological/physiological processes impact mental processes
- genes, hormones, hand sweating

3. Cognitive Perspective
- how interpretations of situations impact mental processes
- thoughts, memories, problem solving

Biopsychosocial Approach

study of mental processes (thinking, learning, remembering)

Cognitive Psychology

study of brain activity linked with mental processes
- how mind processes/retains info

Cognitive Neuroscience

how natural selection helps survival of genes

Evolutionary Perspective

how drive for personal growth impacts behavior/mental processes

Humanistic Perspective

how unconscious drives/conflicts behavior and mental processes

Psychodynamic Perspective

how behavior/thinking vary across situations and cultures

Social-Cultural Perspective

Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review
- testing effect: better memory after retrieving, instead of just re-reading

SQ3R Method

Basic
- aims to increase psychology's knowledge

Applied
- uses psych to solve real world problems

Basic vs. Applied Psychology

Clinical
- treats disorders
- PhD
- therapy and conseling
Psychiatrist
- MD
- prescribes drugs

Clinical Psychologists vs Psychiatrists

believing you would've known, after finding out the outcome

Hindsight Bias

thinking we know more than we do #gaslightingmyself

Overconfidence

thinking you see a pattern just to make sense of it

Perceiving patterns in random events

1. Curiosity (wanna find truth)
2. Skepticism (keeping us from accepting ideas w/o proof)
3. Humility (admitting when wrong when proven by facts)

3 Elements of Scientific Attitude

theory, hypothesis, testing, interpreting results

Scientific Method

idea that organizes observation

Theory

testable prediction that's implied by theory

Hypothesis

exact procedures in study (important to REPLICATE)

Operational Definition

doing procedures again (replication = confirmation)

Replication

1. case studies
2. naturalistic observations
3. survey

Descriptive Methods

individual/group studied in depth to find out something new
PROS
- lots of quantitive data
- gives direction for further study
CONS
- can't always be generalized

Case Study

observing behavior in natural setting
(watching animals in jungle)
PROS
- subjects more "normal" outside lab
- data collecting doesn't disturb subjects
CONS
- independent variable not isolated
- observations from researcher are subjective

Naturalistic Observation

self reported behaviors
PROS
- glance at people's observations
CONS
- opinions not always true, can scew outcome

Survey

flaw in sampling that makes it not representable

Sampling Bias

sample that represents population because subjects have equal chance of inclusion (aka RANDOM)

Representative Sample

A relationship between two things
*NOT CAUSATION*

Correlation

two variables increase/decrease together
(people who eat more food for breakfast (rise), have more energy (rise))

Positive Correlation

two variables where one increases, other decreases
(as we get older (rise), we sleep less (fall))

Negative Correlation

statical index of relationship between variables
(shows how strongly they correlate)
r = correlation
- the closer r is to -1 or +1, the stronger the correlation
- (-) and (+) just mean if it's a negative or positive correlation: -0.70 is a stronger correlation than +0.28

Correlation Coefficient

represents values of two variables
- slope shows that positive or negative correlation
- the closer the "scatter"/dots are to the line, the stronger the correltion

Scatterplot

thinking there's a correlation, when there really isn't/isn't proof there is
(wearing "lucky" jersey means team wins)

Illusory Correlation

when the first measurement is extreme (super high or super low), and the second measurement is closer to the mean (goes back down to the average)
Ex: doing horrible first apush test, then slowly getting to class average

Regression to the Mean

1. manipulate other factors
2. hold control group (don't emphasize independent variable on them)

Establishing Cause & Effect

assignment participants to groups by chance to minimize preexisting differences between two groups
- helps eliminate confounding variable

Random Assignment

experiment when participants don't know abt treatment
- controls subject bias

Single Blind

experiment when participants and researchers don't know who gets treatment
- controls subject and experimenter bias

Double Blind

experimental results caused by expectations alone
- subjects think they're getting something, so act like that even though they really aren't
- placebo = inert treatment (pill w/o med in it)
- decaf coffee, fake mood drugs

Placebo Effect

an unstated factor that influences results
(random assignment helps prevent this)

Confounding Variable

how much an experiment predicts what it's supposed to

Experimental Validity

statistics that summarize the data collected in a study

Descriptive Statistics

bar graph that shows frequency distribution
- how often something occurs

Histogram

where data centrals around (main data points)
1. MEAN
- Average. add #'s, divide by number of #'s

2. MEDIAN
- Middle score. put #'s in order from high to low, then find middle

3. MODE
- Most frequent. find most popular number, can be multiple or none

*MEAN NOT ALWAYS BEST bc super high/low numbers can skew mean higher or lower*
*median better

Central Tendency

Positively Skewed
- outliers on positive side (pulls mean higher)
Negatively Skewed
- outliers on negative side (pulls mean lower)

Skewed Distribution

different between highest and lowest value
- helps with variation

Range

how far away from mean/average
- shows if scores packed together or dispersed

Standard Deviation

bell shaped curve, most scores near the average, and less near extremes
- 68% of scores, 1 standard deviation from mean
- 95% of scores, 2 standard deviation from mean
- 99% of scores, 3 standard deviation from mean

Normal Curve

data that lets people assume sample data is true for a population

Inferential Statistics

Descriptive
- describe data, measure central tendency
- presenting, organizing, summarizing

Inferential
- relationships between variables
- predicting trends

Descriptive vs Inferential Statistics

how likely it is that the result occurred by chance
(p-value)
p < 0.5, 95% likely result wasn't bc of chance

Statistical Significance

1. descriptive
- observe/record behaviors

2. correlational
- natural occurring relationships

3. Experimental
- exploring cause and effect

Basic Research Methods

How lab conditions in everyday life
Finding: how good at detecting faint light in dark room
Principal: how good at flying plane at night

Specific Finding & Theoretic Principals

- teach us about humans
- have more simple systems

Why psychologists study animals

*protect human research participants*
1. Informed consent
2. Protection from harm
3. Right to withdrawal
4. Confidentiality
5. Debriefing (explaining)
- DECEPTION = when true purpose isn't revealed
- debriefing is when you let subjects know about the deception that occured

Ethical Guidelines