apush unit 2

John Cabot

Italian explorer who claimed land in Canada for England.

Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore

Founder of Maryland, established as a haven for Catholics.

Act of Toleration

1649 Maryland law granting religious freedom to all Christians.

Roger Williams

Puritan dissenter who founded Rhode Island based on religious freedom.

Providence

Settlement founded by Roger Williams, known for religious tolerance.

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan dissenter who was banished for her religious views and helped found Rhode Island.

Antinomianism

Belief that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation; promoted by Anne Hutchinson.

Rhode Island

Colony founded by Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson promoting religious freedom.

Halfway covenant

Puritan church policy allowing partial church membership for children of members.

Quakers

Religious group promoting equality, pacifism, and inner light; persecuted in England.

William Penn

Quaker founder of Pennsylvania, known for promoting tolerance and fair treatment of Natives.

Holy Experiment

William Penn’s attempt to create a religious refuge in Pennsylvania.

Charter of Liberties (1701)

Pennsylvania constitution guaranteeing freedom of worship and unrestricted immigration.

Rice-growing plantations

Found in the Carolinas; required slave labor and were key to the Southern economy.

Tobacco farms

Found mainly in Virginia and Maryland; relied heavily on enslaved labor.

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement in North America, founded in 1607.

Captain John Smith

Leader who helped Jamestown survive through discipline and trade with natives.

John Rolfe

Jamestown colonist who developed tobacco cultivation and married Pocahontas.

Pocahontas

Daughter of Powhatan who helped English settlers at Jamestown and married John Rolfe.

Virginia

English colony founded in 1607, based on tobacco economy.

Plymouth Colony

Settlement founded by Pilgrims in 1620 seeking religious freedom.

Separatists

English Protestants who wanted to separate completely from the Church of England.

Pilgrims

Separatists who sailed on the Mayflower and founded Plymouth Colony.

Mayflower

Ship that carried the Pilgrims to the New World in 1620.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Colony founded by Puritans in 1630 seeking to purify the Church of England.

Puritans

English Protestants who wanted to reform the Church of England.

John Winthrop

Puritan leader and first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Great Migration

Mass movement of Puritans to New England in the 1630s.

Thomas Hooker

Founded Connecticut after disagreeing with Massachusetts leaders.

John Davenport

Co-founder of New Haven, which later joined Connecticut.

Connecticut

New England colony founded by Thomas Hooker and others; had early constitution.

New Hampshire

New England colony separated from Massachusetts by the king.

The Carolinas

Colonies split into North and South; grew rice, indigo, and relied on slavery.

New York

Colony taken from the Dutch and given to the Duke of York by the king.

New Jersey

Originally part of New York; split and became its own colony.

Pennsylvania

Quaker colony founded by William Penn.

Delaware

Originally part of Pennsylvania; became a separate colony.

Georgia

Last British colony; founded as a buffer and debtor refuge.

James Oglethorpe

Founder of Georgia, hoped to create a haven for debtors.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)

First written constitution in America.

Frame of Government (1682–1683)

Pennsylvania’s government framework, allowing religious freedom and elected assembly.

Virginia House of Burgesses

First elected legislative assembly in colonial America.

Mayflower Compact

Agreement by Pilgrims to self-govern based on majority rule.

Corporate colonies

Colonies operated by joint-stock companies for profit.

Royal colonies

Colonies under direct control of the English crown.

Proprietary colonies

Colonies granted to individuals or groups by the crown.

Virginia Company

Joint-stock company that funded Jamestown.

Chesapeake colonies

Refers to Virginia and Maryland, focused on tobacco and slavery.

Joint-stock company

Business model where investors pool resources and share profits/losses.

Triangular trade

Trade between Africa, Europe, and the Americas involving slaves, goods, and raw materials.

Mercantilism

Economic theory that colonies exist to benefit the mother country.

Navigation Acts

Laws that restricted colonial trade to benefit England.

Dominion of New England

Royal union of several New England colonies to enforce Navigation Acts.

Sir Edmund Andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England, unpopular for his harsh rule.

Wampanoag

Native American tribe involved in King Philip’s War.

Metacom

Wampanoag leader (King Philip) who led resistance against New England settlers.

King Philip’s War

Conflict between New England colonists and Native tribes in the 1670s.

Sir William Berkeley

Governor of Virginia criticized for favoring wealthy planters.

Bacon’s Rebellion

1676 uprising of frontier settlers against Governor Berkeley’s rule.

New England Confederation

Military alliance of New England colonies for defense against threats.

Indentured servants

Workers who agreed to labor for a number of years in exchange for passage to America.

Headright system

Land grant system that rewarded colonists for bringing over indentured servants.

Slavery

Forced labor system central to the Southern economy.

Middle Passage

The brutal sea journey of enslaved Africans to the Americas.

Benjamin West

American painter who studied in England and painted historical scenes.

John Copley

Colonial American painter known for portraits of prominent figures.

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual and inventor; symbol of Enlightenment in America.

Poor Richard’s Almanack

Popular publication by Benjamin Franklin with sayings and advice.

Phillis Wheatley

First published African American poet.

John Bartram

Self-taught botanist from Philadelphia.

Ministry

Most respected profession in colonial society; religious leadership.

Physicians

Medical practitioners, often poorly trained in colonial times.

Lawyers

Profession that gained respect over time; key in colonial resistance.

Religious toleration

Acceptance of different religious beliefs.

Established church

Official state-supported religion (e.g., Anglican, Congregational).

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the 1730s–1740s emphasizing personal faith.

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the Great Awakening; known for “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.”

George Whitefield

Evangelist who spread the Great Awakening through emotional sermons.

Cotton Mather

Puritan minister, author, and supporter of the Salem witch trials.

Sectarian

Religious groups with narrow or exclusive beliefs.

Nonsectarian

Not affiliated with a specific religious denomination.

Subsistence farming

Farming that provides just enough for the farmer’s family.

Germans

Immigrants who settled in Pennsylvania; maintained culture and religion.

Scotch-Irish

Protestant settlers from Ireland who moved to the frontier.

Huguenots

French Protestants who fled persecution and settled in the colonies.

Dutch

Original settlers of New Netherland (New York).

Swedes

Early European settlers in Delaware.

Africans

Enslaved people brought to the colonies; heavily present in the South.

Immigrants

People who moved to the colonies for economic or religious reasons.

Social mobility

Ability to move up the social ladder; more possible in the colonies than in Europe.

Hereditary aristocracy

Social system based on inherited privilege; largely absent in the colonies.

John Peter Zenger

Printer tried for libel; case helped establish freedom of the press.

Andrew Hamilton

Lawyer who defended Zenger and helped secure a not guilty verdict.

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights.

Governor

Appointed or elected executive leader of a colony.

Legislature

Elected lawmaking body in colonial government.

Town meetings

Form of direct democratic rule used in New England.