PRAXIS Reading & Language Arts (5002)

Phonological awareness is …

an overarching skill that includes identifying and manipulating units of oral language; such as parts of words, syllables, onsets, and rimes

Phonemic awareness is …

understanding the individual sounds (phonemes) in words; focus on phonemes/sounds, spoken language, mostly auditory, manipulating sounds in words

Phonics is …

the ability to map certain sounds in words based on written letters; written language/print, both visual and auditory, reading and writing letters according to sounds, spelling, patterns, and phonological structure

Phonemes are …

the individual sounds in words; usually expressed without a written letter because a letter can have different phonemes/sounds attached to it (ex: g—> game and gym)

Syllables are …

units of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with/without consonants, forming the whole or part of a word (ex: wa-ter —> 2)

Onsets are …

the beginning consonant and consonant cluster (ex: track —> tr)

Rimes are …

the vowel and consonants that follow the onset (ex: track —> ack)

Blending is …

the ability to string together the sounds that each letter stands for in a word

Segmenting is …

breaking a word apart (ex: compound words, onset and rime, syllables, individual phonemes, segmenting phonemes into spoken words)

Substituting is …

replacing one phoneme with another word

Deleting is …

when students take words apart, remove one sound, and pronounce the word without the removed sound

Morphology is …

the study of words and their forms

Morphemes are …

the smallest units of meaning in words

Spelling conventions are …

the rules that English words follow

Single letters (grapheme) …

a single consonant letter can be represented by a phoneme (ex: b, d, f, g)

Doublets (grapheme) …

uses two of the same letter to spell a consonant phoneme (ex: ff. ll. ss. zz)

Digraphs (grapheme) …

are a two-letter (di) combinations that create one phoneme (ex: th, ng, gh, ck)

Trigraphs (grapheme) …

are three-letter (tri) combination that create one phoneme (ex: -tch, -dge)

Diphthong (grapheme) …

sounds formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moved toward another; can appear in the initial, middle, or final position in a word (ex: aisle, coin, loud, buy)

Consonant blends (grapheme) …

include two or three graphemes, and the consonant sounds are separate and identifiable (ex: s-c-r (scrape), c-l (clean), l-k (milk))

Silent letter combinations (grapheme) …

use two letters: one represents the phoneme and the other is silent (ex: kn -knock, wr -wrestle, gn -gnarl)

Combination qu (grapheme) …

these two letters always go together and make a /kw/ sound (ex: quickly)

Single letters vowel (grapheme) …

a single vowel letter that stands for a vowel sound (ex: short vowels-cat, hit, gem, pot; long vowels- me, no mute)

Vowel teams (grapheme) …

combinations of two, three, or four letter that stand for a vowel sound (ex: short vowels- head, hook; long vowels- boat, sigh, weigh; diphthongs- soil, bout)

High frequency words are …

(sight words) occur most often in grade-level texts (ex: want, said, by, are)

Decodable words …

can be sounded out and follow letter-sound correspondence and spelling conventions or rules

Roots are …

parts of words, without the prefix or suffix, that provide the basic meaning of the word (ex: bio = life in biology)

Affixes are …

parts of a word added to the beginning and end of a word—prefixes and suffixes

Prefixes are …

additions at the beginning of root words that form a new word; has different meaning than root word (ex: un-known)

Suffixes are …

additions at the end of root words that form a new word; can change verb tense of a word, indicate whether the word is plural or singular (ex: manag-er, manag-ment)

Compound words are …

two words put together (ex: mailman, sidewalk)

The 5 stages an ELL goes through during 2nd language acquisition are …

1. pre-production

2. early production

3. speech emergence

4. intermediate fluency

5. advanced fluency

World-class instructional design and assessment (WIDA) is …

an organization that supports multilingual students and creates standards and assessments to help with the instruction of ELLs

Linguistic complexity is …

the quantity and variety of language used by ELLs at the discourse level and refers to how ELLs express their ideas and understand interactions

Language usage is …

the type and use of structures, phrases, and words

B.F. Skinner was …

well known for behaviorism and provided one of the earliest explanations of language acquisition—based on environmental factors or influences and reinforcement principles by associating words with meanings; positive reinforcement will help children realize value of wordd/phrases

Noam Chomsky is …

known as “Father of Modern Linguistics”; argues all humans share a same underlying linguistic structure, irrespective of sociocultural difference; basis for theory of universal grammar

A closed syllable type is …

a syllable with a single vowel followed by one or more consonants (ex: cat, bat, clock, letter)

An open syllable type is …

a syllable that ends with a single vowel (ex: go, no, fly, he)

A vowel-consonant-silent e syllable type is …

a syllable with a single vowel followed by a consonant then the vowel e (ex: bike, skate, kite, poke)

A vowel teams syllable type is …

a syllable that has two consecutive vowels (long and variant types); (ex: long- eat, seat, say, see; variant- stew, paw, book)

An R-controlled syllable type is …

a syllable with one or two vowels followed by the letter r (ex: car, far, her, fur, sir)

A consonant le (-al, -el) final stable syllable type is …

a syllable that has a consonant followed by the letters le, al, or el (ex: table, stable, local)

Syntactic curing system focuses on …

the structure of the sentence

Semantic curing system focuses on …

the meaning derived from the text

Fluency is …

reading without having to stop and decode (sound out) words; reading a paragraph from start to finish with very few errors

Prosody is …

reading with expression while correctly using words and punctuation; reader is conveying what is on the page (ex: pausing at commas/periods, using inflection based on punctuation)

Fluency checks …

measure students’ reading progress; teacher checks for prosody, automaticity, accuracy, and rate

Automaticity is …

what a teacher checks for: effortless, speedy word recognition

Comprehension is …

the essence of reading; when students begin to form images in their minds as they read

Critical thinking is …

when students can apply certain concepts to their reading and extract meaning from the text; students are using high level skills to relate meaning in text to themselves to real life

Metacognition is …

thinking about thinking; students understand the processes in their minds and can employ a variety or techniques to understand text

4 strategies to boost comprehension, critical thinking, and metacognition are …

1. predicting

2. questioning

3. read aloud/think aloud

4. summarizing

Cognitive endurance is …

when students read through large sections of text and build meaning from that text; not wasting energy on decoding words, using energy for comprehension and critical thinking

Key details are …

specific pieces of information in a text; help reader summarize important information in the story and help build comprehension of the text (ex: characters, setting, plot)

The moral of the story is …

the lesson that story teaches about how to behave in the world (ex: fables utilize this to convey meaning)

Theme is …

the overall feeling or underlying topic of the text

Central idea is …

what the text is mostly about or what the author is trying to inform you about; often has to be inferred using text evidence

Citing textual evidence refers to …

using the text to support answers; can be used when asking for key details in the story, theme, moral, or central idea

An inference is …

when a student reaches a conclusion based on evidence that is not explicitly stated in the text

A story map is …

a graphic organizer that helps students learn the elements of a book or story by identifying characters, plot, setting, problem, and solution

A Venn diagram is …

a graphic organizer that can help students compare and constrast ideas and characters in the text

Characters are …

who the story is about; can be humans, animals, fictional creatures depending on type of text; understanding them will help students determine important components of the story

Setting is …

the place and time in which a story is occurring

Sequencing is …

understanding how a series of events occur in a specific and logical order; allows students to recognize patterns and make text/world understandable and predictable

Mapping plot structure allows readers/writers to …

visualize the key features of stories that help the student unfold important parts of the story or plot

Standard plot structure includes …

• beginning

• rising action

• climax

• falling action

• resolution

Meter is …

a stressed and unstressed syllabic pattern in verse or within the lines of a poem

Narrative poetry …

tells a story, often making use of the voices of a narrator/characters; usually written in metered verse

Fixed-verse poetry has …

a set formula

Free verse poetry has …

little to no pre-established guidelines

Epic poetry is …

a long narrative that focuses on trials and tribulations of a hero/god-like character who represents the cultural values of a race, nation, or religious group

A haiku is …

a Japanese poem consisting of 3 lines and 17 syllables

A limerick is …

a humorous verse of three long and two short lines rhyming (aabba)

A sonnet is …

a poem of 14 lines using any of a number of formal rhyming schemes, typically with 10 syllables per line

Dramas are …

stories that can be acted out in front of people or an audience (ex: plays, screenplays. performances)

Text features include …

• heading

• glossary

• index

• graphs/charts

• sidebar

• hyperlink

Chronological structure is …

when the text goes in order by time or events (ex: dates)

Cause/Effect is …

when the organization of the text results in a relationship between events or things, where one is the result of the other/others

Problem/Solution is …

something that arises in the story that the character wants to change/fix —> how the character is able to fix the issue

Structural elements include …

• main idea and details

• chronological order

• cause and effect

• inferences

• key details

1st person POV is when …

a narrator recounts their own perspective, experience, or impressions (ex: I, we, me, us)

2nd person POV is when …

the story is written from the perspective of you

3rd person objective POV is when …

the narrator remains a detached observer, telling only the story’s action and dialogue

3rd person limited omniscient POV is when …

the narrator tells the story from the viewpoint of the character in the story

3rd person omniscient POV is when …

the narrator has unlimited knowledge and can describe every character’s thoughts and interpret their behaviors

A theme is …

what the author wants the reader to learn or know

Common themes within stories include …

• acceptance

• courage

• perseverance

• cooperation

• compassion

• kindness

• loyalty

• honesty

Informational texts …

present facts and information to inform the reader about a topic; usually object

Visual and multimedia elements in literary and informational texts …

allow students to observe key information in different mediums (ex: illustrations, photos, movies, maps, audio/music, animation)

Qualitative data …

cannot be quantified; often comes in the form of anecdotal responses or scenarios

Quantitative data …

can be quantified; when analyzing this data, teachers often look over reading levels, words per minute, and other measures that can be represented as numbers

Reader and task …

can be measured both qualitatively and quantitatively; there are ___ variables (motivation, knowledge, and experience) and ___ variables (purpose and complexity)

Text-leveling systems …

allow teachers to implement reading strategies to meet the needs of students; allows teachers to drive instruction, focus on areas of development, and enrich students’ individual needs

A fable is …

a short story that conveys a moral, typically with animals as characters (ex: The Three Little Pigs)

A legend is …

a narrative that features human actions that take place within human history and demonstrate human values; no proof these stories happened, but are passed down over time through word of mouth (ex: The ___ of Sleepy Hollow)

A biography is …

an account of a person’s life story written by an outside author (ex: A ___ of Martin Luther King Jr.)

Realistic fiction is …

a genre consisting of stories that could have actually occurred to people or animals in a believable setting (ex: Ramona the Pest)

Fantasy is …

a story set in an imaginary universe, where the locations, events, or people are not from the real world (ex: A Wrinkle in Time)

Informational text examples include …

• written primarily to inform

• literary nonfiction

• history/social science texts

• science/technical texts

• digital texts