Macro molecules

What are of four classes of large biological molecules

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic acids

What is a polymer

It is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

What is a monomer

They are repeating units that polymers are made of

Which of the four classes of large biological molecules is not polymers

Lipids

Two monomers are joined together by what type of reaction

A dehydration reaction

What type of reaction splits monomers from a polymer

Hydrolysis

What are polysaccharides

Carbohydrate polymers

What are the monomers forming polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

Name 3 monosaccharides

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose

what is a triose

A 3 carbon sugar

What is a pentose

A 5 carbon sugar

How many carbons in a hexose

6

Is glucose a triose, pentose or hexose

A hexose

What is the main function of a monosaccharide like glucose

To produce energy

What happens to monosaccharides that are not immediately used.

They are stored as polysaccharides

What is a disaccharide

Two monosaccharides bonded together

what is the bond joining monosaccharides called

A glycosidic bond

What are the two monosaccharides form the disaccharide sucrose

Glucose and fructose

What are the two monosaccharides form the disaccharide lactose

Glucose and galactose

What are the functions of polysaccharides

Storage and structure

What is starch

A polymer of glucose monomers

What are the two types of starch

Amylose and amylopectin

What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin

Amylose is a single straight chain amylopectin is branched

What is glycogen

A glucose polypetide used for storage in animals

What is the difference between glycogen and amylopectin

Glycogen is more heavily branched

What is cellulose

A glucose polypeptide

How does cellulose different to starch

starch has alpha glycosidic bonds between the glucose monomers in cellulose they are beta gylcosidic bonds

What is the function of cellulose

Structure it forms the cell wall of plants cells

Do lipids mix with water

No

Why don't lipids mix with water

They are made mainly of hydrocarbons which form non-polar covalent bonds

Name 3 types of biologically important lipids

Fats,

Phospholipids

Steroids

What are the two molecules fats are made of

Glycerol and fatty acids

What is a a triacylglycerol (triglyceride)

Three fatty acids joined to a glycerol molecule

What type of fatty acid has no double bonds

Saturated fats

What are unsaturated fattty acids

They are fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds

What is the source of most saturated fats

Animals

What is the source of most unsaturated fats

Plants or fish

What type of fat is liquid at room temperature

Saturated

What type of fat is liquid at room temperature

Unsaturated

Why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature

The double bond in the unsaturated fat means the molecule is not linear and cannot pack as closely as the linear saturated fat molecules

What is hydrogenation

The process removing double bonds to convert an unsaturated fat to a satuted fat

What is the major function of fats

Energy storage

What is a phospholipid

Two fatty acids and a phosphate joined to a glycerol molecule

Is the tail of a phospholipid hydrophillic or hydrophobic

Hydrophobic

What forms when phospholipids are added to water

They form double layered structures (bylayers) with the hydrophobic tails pointing towards the center

What biological structures are made of phospholipid bilayers

Cell membranes

What is the structure of a steroid

A carbon skeleton of 4 carbon rings fused together

Name 3 steroids

Cholesterol

Testosterone

Estrogen

What are proteins made of

Polymers of amino acids

Name 10 functions of proteins

Enzymes

Defense

Storage

Transport

Hormones

Receptors

Contraction and motor activity

Structural

Gene Regulation

Sensory

What are amino acids

Organic molecules with amino (NH2) and carboxyl groups (COOH)

What gives amino acids differing properties

Their side Chains or R groups

What is a zwitterion

A molecule that is electrically neutral but contains both positive and negative charges.

Name 3 classes of amino acid

Non-polar (hydrophobic)

Polar (hydrophillic)

Electrically charged

Amino acids are linked together by what type of bond

Peptide bond

What is a proteins primary structure

Its unique sequence of amino acids

What is a proteins secondary structure

The coils and fold in the peptide chain

What is a proteins tertiary structure

Its overall 3 dimensional shape

What is a proteins quaternary structure

The number of subunits making up the protein

What determines a proteins primary structure

Genes

Name 2 types of secondary structure

alpha helix

beta sheets

What holds secondary structure in place

Hydrogen bonding

What maintains tertiary structure

Hydrogen bonds

Ionic bonds

Hydrophobic interactions

Van der Waals interactions

Strong covalent bonds called disulfide bridges

What are chaperonins

Protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins

What is denaturisation

Loss of a proteins tertiary structure resulting in loss of function

What factors can cause denaturisation

Alterations in:

pH

salt concentrations

temperature

Placing in a non-polar enviroment

Name 2 types of nucleic acid

DNA

RNA

Nucleic acids are polymers made up of what monomers

Nucleotides

What is a nucleotide composed of

A nitrogenous base

pentose sugar

One or more phosphate groups

What are the 4 bases in DNA

Cytosine

Thymine

Adenine

Guanine

What base id found in RNA but not DNA

Uracil

Which bases are purines

Adenine

Guanine

Which bases are pyrimidines

Cytosine

Thymine

Uracil

What is the sugar in DNA

Deoxyribose

What is the sugar in RNA

Ribose

What is the backbone of nucleic acids composed of

Sugar and phosphate

What is the structure of DNA

A double helix

What hold the 2 strands of DNA together

Hydrogen bonds between the bases

In DNA which bases bond together

A-T

G-C

How does RNA differ from DNA

In RNA Uracil (U) replaces Thymine (T) and its is single stranded not double stranded

What does DNA do

Controls protein synthesis

What is gene expression

The process by which genes in DNA produce RNA (messenger RNA) which directs the cells protein synthesizing systems to produce a specific protein

Summarize the flow of genetic information

DNA → RNA → protein