Gen Psych Cumulative Final Dewitt Cedarville

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Wilhelm Wundt

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472 Terms

1

Wilhelm Wundt

founded the first psychology lab in Germany
prior to psychology, he was a physiologist and philosopher

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2

Ivan Pavlov

pioneered the study of learning from Russia
he was a physiologist

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3

Sigmund Freud

personality theorist from Austria

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4

Jean Piaget

influential observer of children's behaviors
from Switzerland
was a biologist

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5

Psychology

the science of behavior and mental processes

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6

Nature-Nurture issue

the controversy over the relative contributions of biology and experience

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7

Nature

genes and heredity

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8

Nurture

experiences and environment

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9

Neuroscience

how the body and brain work to create emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

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Psychodynamic

how behaviors springs from unconscious drives

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11

Behavioral

how observable responses are acquired and changed

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12

Cognitive

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

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13

Social-Cultural

how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

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14

The Scientific Attitude

curiosity, open-minded skepticism, humility

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15

curiosity

desire to learn and know

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Open-minded skepticism

carefully questioning what is in front of you

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humility

rejecting your own ideas (the rat is always right)

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critical thinking

examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

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introspection

looking inward and noting your immediate sensations and feelings

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descriptive research

observing and describing behavior

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21

case study

examine one or more individuals in great depth hoping to reveal things true of us all

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survey

self reported attitudes and behaviors of a population by questioning a random sample

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naturalistic observation

observing and recording behavior in natural environments

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correlational research

measuring two variables or the statistical relationship between two variables

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positive correlation

direct relationship

<p>direct relationship</p>
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negative correlation

inverse relationship

<p>inverse relationship</p>
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27

experimental research

manipulates one or more factors referred to as the independent variable to observe the effects of some behavioral or mental process, dependent variable

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28

Is it ethical to experiment on animals?

7% of psychology studies involve animals
95% = rats, mice, rabbits, and birds

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is it ethical to experiment on people?

Ethical Principles (APA)
obtain informed consent
protect from harm/discomfort
confidentiality
fully explain the research afterwards

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30

SQ3R

a study method involving critical thinking and emphasizes retrieving information, incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

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31

Phrenology

ill-fated theory stating bumps on the skull revealed mental abilities and character traits, localization of function of areas of the brain

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biological psychology

studies links between biology and behavior

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neurons

basic building blocks of the nervous system

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neuron

consists of cell body and branching fibers, also contains the nucleus

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35

dendrites

receive information for sensory receptors

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axon

sends information, single fiber with terminal branches, sends information to neurons, muscles, and glands

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myelin sheath

fatty layer of cells encasing axon
functions: insulates and increases speed
degeneration of myelin sheath results in multiple sclerosis

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action potential

brief electrical charge that travels down the axon

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Synapse

the gap/junction between two neurons

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Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers released from axon terminal

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sensory neurons

send sensory information from tissue and sensory organs INWARD to brain and spinal cord, afferent (admit)

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Interneurons

work IN spinal cord and brain and intervene between sensory and motor neurons

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motor neurons

send instructions OUTWARD from brain and spinal cord to body tissue/muscles, efferent (exit)

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Plasticity

the ability for the brain to develop new neutral pathways in the brain

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agonist

a molecule that excites or increases a neurotransmitters action

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46

Antagonist

a molecule that inhibits or blocks a neurotransmitter's actions

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47

experimental group

people who receive the treatment to find answers to research questions

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48

control group

people who do not receive the treatment to find answers to research questions

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independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

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dependent variable

a variable (often denoted by y ) whose value depends on that of another.

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Placebo

a harmless pill, medicine, or procedure prescribed more for the psychological benefit to the patient than for any physiological effect

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random sample

method of selecting from a population in which each person has an equal probability of being selected

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blind procedure

The subjects are unaware of whether or not they are in the control or experimental group

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double-blind procedure

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo

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placebo effect

reduces pain, depression, and anxiety just from thinking you are receiving treatment

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56

study tips

distribute your study time, learn to think critically, process class information actively, overlearn, personalize material, flash cards, mnemonic devics

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motivation

need or desire that energizes behavior

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instinct

complex behavior that is unlearned with a fixed pattern

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drive

aroused state coming from an underlying need

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drive reduction theory

when a physiological need increases, so does our psychological drive to reduce it

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Homeostasis

balanced, constant internal state

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incentive

positive/negative stimulus that motivates behavior

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arousal theory

focuses on finding the right level of stimulation

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sensation seekers

motivated by a drive to master emotion and actions (risk takers)

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grit

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

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Yerkes-Dodson Law

performance increases with arousal only to a point, beyond which performance decreases

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self-transcendence

sense of meaning

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self-actualization

achieving one's full potential

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esteem

feeling of accomplishment

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70

love/belonging

intimate relationships, friends

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safety

security

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physiological

food, water, rest

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spiritual

salvation, sanctification

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belonging

a central human motivation to form close, enduring relationships

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75

affiliation need

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group (need to belong)

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ostracism

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

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When someone experiences ostracism...

it evokes increased activity in the brain area that activate when one experiences physical pain

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78

Physiologically, we experience social pain with the same...

emotional unpleasantness that marks physical pain

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79

Various circumstances dissolve social ties

unfaithfulness, no communication, misdeed

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80

Social Effects of Social Networking

supportive connections, provides information, distractions, interfere with sleep, interfere with exercise, FOMO, interfere with face-to-face relationships, tendency to compare self with others, promotes narcissism, lower grades

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Maintaining Focus and Balance

monitor your time, monitor your feelings, hide distracting friends, when studying discipline yourself, fast from social media, refocus by taking a walk or praying

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achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment, attaining a high standard

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intristic motivation

behavior performed for mere satisfaction (internally driven)

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84

extrinsic motivation

behavior performed for rewards or to avoid punishment (external consequences)

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85

high need for achieving

persistent
eager
motivated
self-disciplined

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86

low need for achieving

passive, lazy, unmotivated, undisciplined

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87

glucose

blood sugar that provides energy for the body

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88

insulin

hormone secreted by pancreas that influences appetite

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89

basal metabolic rate

the body's resting rate of energy expenditure

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90

hypothalamus

structure in the brain monitoring internal bodily state

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91

set point

point at which your "weight thermostat" is set -- stable weight

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92

hunger

Lower glucose levels and higher insulin levels

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93

Situational influences on eating

arousing appetite, friends and food, serving size is significant, selections stimulate, nudging nutrition

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obesity

BMI of 30 or more

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95

anorexia

person is significantly underweight yet feels fat, starving oneself to dangerously low levels

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96

Bulimia

repeated binge/purge episodes by overeating followed by vomiting or use of laxatives

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97

4 issues with eating disorders

perfectionistic - set high standards
intensely concerned with how others perceive them
not viewing self as God views them
control issue - not yielding full control to God

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98

emotions involve a mixture of

physiology
expression
conscious experience

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99

Sympathetic division

arousing
Fight or Flight or Freeze
Women - tend/befriend

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100

parasympathetic division

calming
rest/digest

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