AP Biology Fall Final Review Set Diagram | Quizlet

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Nitrogen (CHOPNS)

elements that make up macromolecules

hydroxyl group

OH-

Also known as Alcohol Group

Polar

ecology

study of the distribution and abundance of organisms and their interactions with other organisms and with their physical environment

organic chemistry

the study of carbon compounds

carbonyl group

C=O

Also known as ketone group

population

group of individuals of the same species living in the same area

organic molecules

molecules that contain carbon

carboxyl group

A -COOH group, found in organic acids.

community

group of populations of different species living in the same area

ecosystem

interrelationships between organisms in a community and their physical environment

amino group

NH2, acts as a base

the reason carbon is important to life

1) carbon can form four covalent bonds with different elements; 2) carbon can form single, double, or triple bonds; 3) carbon is the main component of organic molecules; 4) all organic molecules contain carbon (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

inorganic compound

compounds that do not contain carbon

sulfhydryl group

-SH

thiol

ex: cysteine

biosphere

composed of all the regions of the earth that contain living things (hydrosphere, geosphere, and atmosphere)

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions

phosphate group

A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms

PO4

habitat

type of place where an organism usually lives; descriptions typically include the organisms and the physical and chemical characteristics of the environment

carboxyl group

A -COOH group, found in organic acids.

methyl group

A chemical group consisting of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms. The methyl group may be attached to a carbon or to a different atom.

CH3

niche

all biotic and abiotic resources in the environment used by an organism

biotic

living

hydroxyl group

OH-

abiotic

nonliving

carbonyl group

C=O

amino group

NH2

climate

long-term prevailing weather conditions in a given area; major components include temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind

phosphate group

PO4

biome

large region of the earth whose distribution depends on the amount of precipitation and temperature in an area; characterized by dominant vegetation and animal life

methyl group

CH3

tropical rainforest

abundant rainfall, stable temperature, high humidity

most biodiversity of any biome

sulfhydryl group

-SH

desert

little to no rainfall, greatly varying temperatures, no humidity

plants are drought-resistant and animals are typically active only at night

temperate grasslands

covers huge areas in temperate and tropical regions of the world

low total annual rainfall, uneven seasonal rainfall, occasional fires

grazing and burrowing mammals; soil is rich in nutrients and is great for agriculture

nonpolar

not soluable in water

temperate deciduous forest

trees drop their leaves in winter

vertical stratification of plants and animals

soil is rich due to decomposition

polar

soluable in water

ion

atom becomes charged when it gains or loses an electron

conifer forest/taiga

dominated by conifer forests

fresh water lakes and ponds

very cold winters, heavy snowfall

largest terrestrial biome

large mammals

flying insects and birds in summer

macromolecules

large organic biomolecules

tundra

characterized by permafrost

"frozen desert"

gently rolling plains with many lakes, ponds, and bogs

insects are abundant

large to medium mammals

monomer

molecules that consist of a single unit

savanna

grasses and some trees

dominant herbivores include insects

fire is a dominant abiotic factor

plant growth increases during rainy season, but low otherwise

polymer

molecules that consist of many repeated monomers

chaparral

dominated by dense, spiny, evergreen shrubs

coastal areas with mild rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers

plants are adapted to fires

dehydration synthesis

A reaction in which monomers are bonded together to form polymers by removing a water molecule

aquatic biomes include...

freshwater, estuaries, marine

condensation / polymerization reaction

dehydration synthesis reaction that joins monomers together to form a polymer

thermocline

narrow layers of fast temperature change that separate a warm upper layer of water and cold deeper waters

limnetic zone

in fresh, standing bodies of water, it is the well-lit open surface waters farther from shore that are occupied by phytoplankton

hydrolysis reaction

the process of adding a water molecule to break a polymer into monomers

marine biome

largest and most stable biome

temperature varies little because of water's high heat capacity

CARBOHYDRATE

macromolecule group used for short-term energy, structure, and cell-signalling

Carbohydrate Examples

glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, glycogen, cellulose, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

marine biome zones

intertidal zone: land meets water, as in tide pools

neritic zone: beyond intertidal zone; shallower water over continental shelves

pelagic zone: vast realm of open blue water

coral reef: biome created by corals, varying in shape and support the growth of other organisms

-ose

suffix carbohydrates usually end in (gluc-ose, fruct-ose, malt-ose, galact-ose)

population ecology

study of the growth, abundance, and distribution of populations

Monosaccharide

A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.

population size

symbolically represented by N

it is the total number of individuals in the population

Disaccharide

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

population density

total number of individuals per area or volume occupied

Polysaccharide

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

population dispersion

describes how individuals in a population are distributed

clumped dispersion

most common pattern, like humans in cities or schools of fish

Starch

storage form of glucose in plants

Cellulose

Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls.

uniform dispersion

like trees in an orchard, or plants with toxins

LIPIDS

macromolecule group used for long-term energy storage, cell signalling, and cell membrane structure

random dispersion

like trees in a forest; occurs because of special attractions or repulsions

Lipid Examples

fatty acids, fats, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, steroids, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides

age structure

describes the abundance of individuals of each age

glycerol

a carbon alcohol that is hydrophilic; component of many lipids

survivorship curves

describe how mortality of individuals in a species varies during their lifetimes

hydrocarbons

carbon and hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded that make them stable and nonpolar

type I survivorship curve (K- strategist)

describe a species in which most individuals survive to middle age; after that age, mortality is high.

example: humans

type II survivorship curve (c- strategist)

describe organisms in which the length of survivorship is random, that is, the likelihood of death is the same at any age

example: rodents, invertebrates

fatty acid

monomer of a lipid made of a hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl group

type III survivorship curve (r-strategist)

describe species in which most individuals die young, with only a relative few surviving to reproductive age and beyond

example: oysters, species with free-swimming larvae

monounsaturated fatty acid

kind of unsaturated fat that consists only has one double bond (the rest are single) between each pair of carbon atoms

polyunsaturated fatty acid

kind of unsaturated fat that has two or more double bonds between each pair of carbon atoms

factors that contribute to biotic potential

age at reproductive maturity, clutch size, frequency of reproduction, reproductive lifetime, survivorship of offspring to reproductive maturity

Unsaturated Fat

A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

carrying capacity

maximum number of individuals of a population that can be sustained by a particular habitat

food made of unsaturated fatty acids

plant & fish fats, vegetable oils; good fats; liquid at room temp

limiting factors

elements that prevent a population from attaining its biotic potential

food made of saturated fatty acid

animal fats and butter; bad fats, solid at room temp

types of limiting factors

density-dependent factors and density-independent factors

Saturated Fat

fat in which all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms

density-dependent factors

limiting effect becomes more intense as the population density increases

examples: parasites and disease, competition, toxic effect of waste products, predation, stress

Triglyceride

an energy storage lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule

density-independent factors

occur independently of the density of a population

examples: natural disasters and climate extremes

r-strategist

(or r-selected species)

rapid, exponential growth

quickly invade a habitat, quickly reproduce, then die

offspring are small, quickly maturing, and require little to no parental care

phospholipid

amphipathic lipid made of two hydrocarbon chains, glycerol, and a phosphate group; makes up cell membrane

amphipathic

having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

k-strategist

(or k-selected species)

slower, logistic growth

size of mature population remains relatively constant

small number of large offspring

extensive parental care

reproduction repeats throughout lifetime

the reason a phospholipid is amphipathic

the hydrocarbon chains (tails) are nonpolar, while the glycerol and phosphate group (head) is polar

exponential growth

occurs when reproductive rate is greater than zero; forms a J-shaped curve on a graph

phospholipid bilayer

the main structure of the cell membrane, made of phospholipids that are arranged with the fatty acid tails packed together and the glycerol and phosphate heads facing water in an aqueous solution

logistic growth

occurs when limiting factors restrict the size of a population to the carrying capacity of the habitat; forms an S-shaped curve on a graph

hydrophilic head

another name for the polar phosphate group in a phospholipid