NR 507-Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from the provided lecture notes on advanced pathophysiology, focusing on gastrointestinal, neurobiological, and endocrine pathologies.

Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) Dysfunction

Reduced pressure or improper relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, allowing gastric acid to flow back into the esophagus.

Hiatal Hernia

Contributes to GERD by disrupting the normal barrier between the esophagus and stomach.

Esophageal Motility Disorders

Impaired esophageal peristalsis that reduces esophageal clearance, potentially leading to pooling of gastric acid in the esophagus.

Heartburn

Burning sensation in the chest, often a symptom reported by patients with GERD.

Regurgitation

Acidic taste in the mouth, a common symptom reported by patients with GERD.

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing, a symptom reported in GERD and a warning sign if occurring over the age of 50.

Odynophagia

Pain on swallowing, a warning sign of GERD, particularly when occurring over the age of 50.

Melena

Black, tarry stools indicating bleeding in the upper digestive tract, a warning sign of GERD.

Early Satiety

Feeling full after eating very little food, a warning sign of GERD.

Appendicitis Pathophysiology

Obstruction of the appendix lumen leading to inflammation, infection, and potential perforation.

Periumbilical Pain

Pain around the umbilicus, which is due to visceral pain from distention in appendicitis.

RLQ Pain

Pain in the right lower quadrant, indicating inflammation involving the parietal peritoneum in appendicitis.

Leukocytosis

Elevated WBC count greater than 10,000 cells/mm3, indicative of systemic inflammation in appendicitis.

Appendectomy

Surgical removal of the appendix.

Diaphragmatic Weakness

Weakness in the diaphragm, which is a major risk factor for developing a hiatal hernia.

Conservative Treatment (Hiatal Hernia)

Eating small, frequent meals, a conservative treatment approach for hiatal hernias.

H. pylori

Bacteria that disrupts mucosal defense mechanisms and is a major cause of duodenal ulcers.

Epigastric Pain (Duodenal Ulcer)

Chronic intermittent pain in the epigastric area, a characteristic symptom of a duodenal ulcer.

Peptic Ulcer

A break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum.

Ulcerative Colitis Pathophysiology

Disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier, leading to chronic inflammation and ulceration in the colon.

Genetic Predisposition (Crohn's Disease)

The genetic risk factor that differentiates ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

Immune Dysregulation (Crohn's Disease)

Exaggerated immune response to intestinal microbiota, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue damage in Crohn's disease.

Transmural Inflammation

Inflammation affecting the entire thickness of the intestinal wall, leading to complications like strictures, fistulas, and abscesses in Crohn’s disease.

Cirrhosis

Late stage of liver scarring (fibrosis) caused by long-term liver damage.

Portal Hypertension

Increased resistance to blood flow in the liver due to structural changes.

Hepatomegaly (Cirrhosis)

Condition where the liver is enlarged due to cirrhosis.

Splenomegaly (Cirrhosis)

Enlargement of the spleen often caused by portal hypertension.

Hepatic Encephalopathy

Cognitive and neuromuscular changes due to liver dysfunction.

Hepatorenal Syndrome

Impairment of kidney function in individuals with advanced liver disease.

Neurotransmitter Imbalance (MDD)

Imbalance of neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

Anhedonia

Loss of interest or pleasure in activities, a key symptom of major depressive disorder.

SSRIs

First-line treatment for major depression.

Positive Symptoms (Schizophrenia)

Hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior associated with schizophrenia.

Negative Symptoms (Schizophrenia)

Flattened affect, alogia, anhedonia, attention deficits associated with schizophrenia.

Hypothyroidism

Most common disorder of thyroid function.

Anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies

Autoantibodies that target and damage the thyroid gland in Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

Most common cause of hypothyroidism, where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland.

Levothyroxine

Synthetic thyroid hormone used as a treatment for hypothyroidism.

TSH

Thyroid-stimulating hormone released by the anterior pituitary.

Exophthalmos

Eye finding associated with hyperthyroidism.

Methimazole or Propylthiouracil

Antithyroid drugs used to control excessive thyroid hormone production.

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)

Diagnostic criteria for diabetes with a value of 6.5% or higher.

Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)

Diagnostic criteria for diabetes with a value of 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) or higher.

Enteroviruses, Coxsackievirus

Viral infections that are linked to the development of Type 1 diabetes

Gastroparesis

A complication of diabetes affecting gastrointestinal motility and gastric emptying.

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Typically caused by a parathyroid gland tumor and results in hypercalcemia.

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Increased PTH secretion in response to hypocalcemia, often caused by chronic kidney disease.

Symptoms of Hypocalcemia

Symptoms include dry skin, loss of body and scalp hair, and horizontal ridges on the nails.

ACTH

Hormone that can be suppressed due to high cortisol levels.

Cushing's syndrome

Described as truncal obesity, moon face, and buffalo hump.

Frontotemporal dementia

Caused by progressive degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes.

Vascular dementia

Caused by damage to blood vessels as a result of stroke or chronic ischemia.

Alzheimer’s Disease

Decreased short-term memory occurs with mild cognitive decline as a result of a reduced hippocampus size.

Amyloid Beta (Aβ) Plaques

Accumulation of this abnormal beta protein structure in the brain leads to formation of plaque formation in Alzheimer's disease.

Parkinson's Disease

Impaired Mitochondrial Function in Parkinson's is due to dysfunction of mitochondria, leading to reduced energy production and increased oxidative stress.

Loss of Dopamine-Producing Neurons

Loss of this specific type of neuron in the substantia nigra leads to dopamine deficiency.

Parkinson's Disease

Impaired Mitochondrial Function in Parkinson's is due to dysfunction of mitochondria, leading to reduced energy production and increased oxidative stress.

Lewy Bodies

Abnormal protein aggregates (primarily alpha- synuclein) that accumulate in neurons, contributing to neuronal dysfunction and degeneration in Parkinson's Disease.

Tremor

An example of a motor symptom in Parkinson's Disease.

Bradykinesia (Parkinson's Disease)

Classic symptoms include resting tremor, rigidity, postural disturbance, dysarthria, dysphagia.

Multiple Sclerosis

An abnormal immune response targeting myelin in the CNS.

Inflammation and Demyelination

In MS, the inflammatory response in the CNS results in the destruction of these sheaths surrounding nerve fibers.

Vitamin D Deficiency, Smoking, Epstein Barr Virus

What are three risk factors that may be involved in the development of M.S.?

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

An autoimmune disorder often triggered by a preceding infection, leading to demyelination and ascending paralysis.

Guillain-Barre Syndrome Muscle Weakness

Ascending from legs to arms.

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

Autoantibody production against acetylcholine receptors (AChR) or MuSK at the neuromuscular junction.

Muscle Weakness (Myasthenia Gravis)

MG symptom where muscle weakness worsens with activity, and gets better with rest.

Ptosis (Myasthenia Gravis)

Drooping of the upper eyelid.

Cluster headache

Headache characterized by unilateral trigeminal distribution of severe pain with ipsilateral autonomic manifestations.

Migraine

An episodic neurologic disorder whose marker is headache lasting 4 to 72 hours.

Migraine headache

Headache associated with throbbing pain.

Tension-type headache (TTH)

Mild to moderate bilateral headache with a sensation of a tight band or pressure around the head.

Bacterial meningitis

Clinical manifestations include fever, tachycardia, and chills.

Antacids

Type of medications reviewed on Page 14.

Proton pump inhibitors

Type of medications reviewed on Page 15.

Ischemic neuropathy

A condition where the main symptom is nerve damage due to reduced blood supply to the nerves.

Pain

The most prominent symptom of Ischemic neuropathy.

Rosacea

Genetic skin condition where there is a familial tendency, and neurovascular dysregulation

Melanoma

Most aggressive skin cancer; the thickness of the lesion impacts prognosis

Plaque Psoriasis

The typical lesion of plaque psoriasis is a well-demarcated, thick, silvery, scaly, erythematous plaque surrounded by normal skin that can appear anywhere on the body