05 Blood Pressure Review

Pulse Pressure (PP)

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure = PP

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

pressure forcing blood into tissues, averaged over cardiac cycle

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 of pulse pressure (systolic - diastolic

Ex.

MAP = 80 + 1/3 (40)

MAP = 93 mmHg

hypertension

abnormally high blood pressure 130/90

hypotension

abnormally low blood pressure 110/70

Normal blood pressure

119/79

What blood vessel has valves?

Veins

tunica intima (interna)

the innermost layer of a blood vessel, composed of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells over a sheet of connective tissue and elastic membrane

tunica media of artery

middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue

tunica externa

collagen fibers, nerve and blood vessels

sinusoid

most permeable and occur in the liver, bone marrow, spleen and adrenal medulla and large clefts and fenestrations

indicate with one occurs during exercise?

Sphincters close during exercise

Varicose veins is due to

incompetent (leaky) valves from prolong standing, obesity or pregnancy

Three important sources of resistance

blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, blood vessel diameter

Aorta Systemic Blood Pressure Range

120-80

Arterioles Systemic Blood Pressure Range

80-35

Vena Cava Systemic Blood Pressure Range

5-0

Venous Blood Pressure Functional Adaptations

Muscular pump, respiratory pump, sympathetic venoconstriction

Primary Hypertension

90% no underlying cause due to diet, obesity, diet, age, diabetes, heredity, stress and smoking

Secondary hypertension

10% due to identifiable disorders, renal artery obstruction, kidney disease, arteriosclerosis, hyperthyroidism, Cushing's syndome

Hypertension Orthostatic (Postural)

sudden increase in BP when someone stands up

White Coat Syndome

Feeling of anxiety in a medical environment causing abnormally high reading of BP

Hypotension Orthostatic (Postural)

low BP, dizziness when rising from reclining or sitting position.

Hypotension Chronic

Poor nutrition (anemic), low protein, Addison's disease, hypothyroidism, tissue wasting

Hypotension Acute

Circulatory shock

Korotkoff sounds

1st and 2nd heart sound (lub-dub)

1st heart sound

Ventricular contraction

2nd heart sound

Ventricular relaxation

What happens to the HR during exercise and pulse

During exercise, the HR increase while the pulse shorten, then rises to normal when at rest.

ECG and pulse wave

Electrical depolarization always comes before mechanical contraction