Lab Procedures Final Study

What is in the urinary system?

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Where are the kidneys located in the body?

Dorsal part of the abdominal cavity

What is the hilus on a kidney?

Area where blood, lymph vessels, nerves and the ureter leave and enter the kidney

What is a nephron?

Microscopic functional unit of the kidneys where the work is done

What is renal threshold?

Nephrons have a specific limit for reabsorption, so when the limit is met they excrete the rest as urine

What do ureters do?

Transport urine from renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

What does the urethra do?

Carries urine from bladder to outside of the body

What is the other name for a free catch collection?

Voided sample

What kind of catheter is a tomcat catheter?

Polypropylene catheter

What 2 methods of urine collection are sterile?

Cystocentesis and catheterization

What could be some changes in the urine sample if it’s not stored correctly?

Crystal formation, color change, decreased bilirubin concentration, increased pH

What is the normal urine volume in dogs?

45ml/kg/day

What is the normal urine volume in cats?

40ml/kg/day

What are the two hormones that control volume of urine produced?

Antidiuretic hormone(ADH) and Aldosterone

Where is ADH secreted?

Pituitary gland

Where is aldosterone secreted?

Adrenal cortex

What is oliguria?

Decreased urine production

What is polyuria?

Increased urine production

What is anuria?

No urine production

What is pollakiuria?

Frequent urination

What is stranguria?

Slow, painful, difficult urination with only small amounts being expressed

What is PU/PD?

Polyuria / polydipsia (increased water intake)

Anuria can lead to what?

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

What is hematouria?

Blood in the urine

What does turbid mean?

Flocculent, completely clouded, unable to see through

What does Urine Specific Gravity measure?

Measures the concentration of dissolved solutes in urine

What is the normal range for the specific gravity of a dog?

1.016 - 1.060

What is the normal range for the specific gravity of a cat?

1.020 - 1.040

What is isosthenuria?

The kidneys are not properly doing their job as the SG is similar to that of glomerular filtrate (plasma)

What are some symptoms associated with a low pH?

Fever, starvation, excessive muscular activity, certain drugs

What are some symptoms associated with a high pH?

UTI, certain drugs, urine retention, crystal formation

How much protein should be seen in urine?

Usually absent or trace amounts

What does proteinuria usually indicate?

A disease of the urinary tract, especially kidneys

Glucose increase is indicative of what?

Diabetes

What does urine a protein/creatinine (UPC) ratio test measure?

Confirms significant amounts of protein and compares to levels of creatinine

What could increase ketones be an indicator of?

Diabetes, impaired liver function, high-fat diets, anorexia

What kind of bilirubin will be found in urine?

Conjugated bilirubin

Bilirubin may be present in:

Male dogs, bile duct obstruction, hemolytic anemia, liver disease

What is hemoglobinuria?

Presence of free hemoglobin in urine

What is myoglobinuria?

Presence of myoglobin in urine

What are some causes of hematuria?

Coagulopathy, infection, trauma, neoplasia

How can you test if red urine is hemoglobinuria or hematuria?

Spin down the sample, if it is hematuria the blood cells should be found in the sediment

What does myoglobinuria indicate?

Severe muscle damage

What is the normal amount of leukocytes found in urine?

None

If WBCs/RBCs are found in the urine, confirm with what?

Sediment

What is the benefit to staining a sediment slide?

Identify cell types or bacteria

Casts tend to migrate where on a slide?

The edge of the coverslip

What is the normal amount of RBCs in urine?

2-3/hpf

What is the term for excessive WBCs in the urine?

Pyuria

What are the three types of epithelial cells seen in urine?

Squamous, transitional, renal

Where do squamous epithelial cells come from when seen in urine?

Distal urethra, vulva, vagina, prepuce

What are the largest cells in urine?

Squamous epithelial cells

Where do transitional epithelial cells come from when seen in urine?

Bladder, ureters, renal pelvis, proximal urethra

Where do renal epithelial cells come from when seen in urine?

Renal tubules

Where are casts formed?

The lumen of the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney

What is cylindruria?

Increased numbers of casts

What is the most common crystal seen in urine?

Struvite/Triple Phosphate

Uric acid crystals are common in what breed?

Dalmations

What organ secretes erythropoietin?

Kidneys

What organ stores extra RBCs?

Spleen

What is the protein responsible for production of RBCs?

Cytokine

How long will RBCs last in circulation?

1 month

What is oxygen saturation?

percentage of available hemoglobin that is carrying oxygen

All blood cells start as what cell?

HSC’s (multipotential hematopoietic stem cells)

What is the first cell in erythrocyte maturation?

Rubriblast

What is the earliest form of a RBC that is seen in peripheral blood?

Rubriblast/pronormoblast

At what stage of RBC maturation is hemoglobin formation complete?

Metarubricytes

What cell do platelets come from?

Megakaryocyte

What is thrombocytosis?

High numbers of platelets

Which WBCs are granulocytes?

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Which WBCs are agranulocytes?

Lymphocytes, monocytes

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

The thymus

Which cells are responsible for cell mediated immune responses?

T cells

Which cells are responsible for antibody responses?

B cells

What is a left-shift?

Increased numbers of immature neutrophils (banded)

What leukocyte follows a different path of maturation from the rest?

Lymphocyte

What is the function of neutrophils?

Chase and engulf bacteria/phagocytosis

What are the three types of lymphocytes?

T-cells, B-cells, NK cells

What will monocytes mature into in tissue?

Macrophages

What do eosinophils respond to?

Chronic allergens and parasitism

What do basophils do?

Produces an immediate allergic response by releasing heparin and histamine

What is pancytopenia?

Low numbers of all blood cells

What are the proteins manufactured by the liver?

Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen

What is RBC in a CBC?

Volume of RBCs

What is HGB in a CBC?

Volume of hemoglobin present

What is HCT in a CBC?

Hematocrit; percentage of RBCs to plasma (similar to PCV)

What is RETIC vs %RETIC on a CBC?

RETIC: number/volume of reticulocytes

%RETIC: Percentage of erythrocytes that are reticulocytes

What is MCV on a CBC?

Mean corpuscular volume; Average volume/size of RBC

What is RDW on a CBC?

RBC distribution width; Variation in volume of RBCs

What is MCH on a CBC?

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin; average amount of hemoglobin per RBC

What is MCHC on a CBC?

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; average concentration of hemoglobin per RBC

What is PLT on a CBC?

Number/volume of platelets

What is PCT on a CBC?

Plateletcrit; mass of platelets in relation to blood

What is PDW on a CBC?

Platelet distribution width; variation in volume of platelets

What is MPV on a CBC?

Mean platelet volume; Average size of platelets

What does a green top tube contain and what does it yield?

Heparin, yields plasma

What does a blue top tube contain and what is it commonly used for?

Sodium citrate, used for coagulation testing

What is the order that tubes should be filled in?

Blue top, serum sep, green top, purple top, grey top

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

Serum is plasma with the clotting factors removed (fibrinogen)

Blood smears should not be exposed to what chemical?

Formalin