AB_Chapter_22_The_Industrial_Revolution

Industrial Revolution

The period of rapid industrial growth from 1750 to 1900, marked by technological advancements and social changes.

industrialization

The process of developing industries in a country or region, characterized by the transition from agrarian societies to industrial production.

cottage industry

A system where goods are produced at home or in small workshops, often associated with preindustrial economies.

putting-out system

A production system where raw materials are distributed to individuals for them to produce goods at home.

factory system

A method of manufacturing where production is concentrated in a single facility, often using mechanized processes.

division of labor

The assignment of different parts of a manufacturing process to different people to improve efficiency.

spinning jenny

A multi-spindle spinning frame invented by James Hargreaves, which significantly increased yarn production.

water frame

A spinning machine that used water power to produce stronger yarn, patented by Richard Arkwright in 1769.

interchangeable parts

Components that are made to such a precise standard that they can fit into any device of the same type, improving manufacturing efficiency.

steam engine

A machine that converts the energy of steam into mechanical energy, a key development during the Industrial Revolution.

urbanization

The process by which rural areas become urbanized as people move into towns and cities, often resulting in population growth.

enclosure movement

The legal process in England of enclosing common land into individual plots, which displaced many rural workers.

capital

The financial assets or resources needed for investment in business ventures, vital for industrial growth.

laissez-faire

An economic philosophy advocating minimal government intervention in markets, associated with the free market system.

socialism

An economic and political system where the means of production are owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

communism

A political ideology advocating for a classless society where all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

the wealth of nations

A foundational text in economics by Adam Smith that argues for free markets and competition.

cult of domesticity

A cultural belief in the 19th century that women's rightful place was in the home as wives and mothers.

labor unions

Organizations formed by workers to advocate for their rights and improve working conditions.

consumerism

The social and economic order that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts.

Bessemer process

A method for producing steel more efficiently by blowing air through molten iron to remove impurities.

second industrial revolution

The period of rapid industrial growth in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries characterized by advancements in steel, chemicals, and electronics.

fossil fuel

Natural resources such as coal, oil, and natural gas used as energy sources.

proletariat

The working class in a capitalist society, who do not own the means of production.

bourgeoisie

The middle class who own the means of production and are often in opposition to the proletariat.

utopian socialism

A form of socialism that seeks to create ideal communities based on cooperative living.