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26 Terms
1
Industrial Revolution
The period of rapid industrial growth from 1750 to 1900, marked by technological advancements and social changes.
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2
industrialization
The process of developing industries in a country or region, characterized by the transition from agrarian societies to industrial production.
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3
cottage industry
A system where goods are produced at home or in small workshops, often associated with preindustrial economies.
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4
putting-out system
A production system where raw materials are distributed to individuals for them to produce goods at home.
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5
factory system
A method of manufacturing where production is concentrated in a single facility, often using mechanized processes.
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6
division of labor
The assignment of different parts of a manufacturing process to different people to improve efficiency.
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7
spinning jenny
A multi-spindle spinning frame invented by James Hargreaves, which significantly increased yarn production.
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8
water frame
A spinning machine that used water power to produce stronger yarn, patented by Richard Arkwright in 1769.
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9
interchangeable parts
Components that are made to such a precise standard that they can fit into any device of the same type, improving manufacturing efficiency.
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10
steam engine
A machine that converts the energy of steam into mechanical energy, a key development during the Industrial Revolution.
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11
urbanization
The process by which rural areas become urbanized as people move into towns and cities, often resulting in population growth.
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12
enclosure movement
The legal process in England of enclosing common land into individual plots, which displaced many rural workers.
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13
capital
The financial assets or resources needed for investment in business ventures, vital for industrial growth.
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14
laissez-faire
An economic philosophy advocating minimal government intervention in markets, associated with the free market system.
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15
socialism
An economic and political system where the means of production are owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
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16
communism
A political ideology advocating for a classless society where all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
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17
the wealth of nations
A foundational text in economics by Adam Smith that argues for free markets and competition.
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18
cult of domesticity
A cultural belief in the 19th century that women's rightful place was in the home as wives and mothers.
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19
labor unions
Organizations formed by workers to advocate for their rights and improve working conditions.
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20
consumerism
The social and economic order that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts.
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21
Bessemer process
A method for producing steel more efficiently by blowing air through molten iron to remove impurities.
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22
second industrial revolution
The period of rapid industrial growth in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries characterized by advancements in steel, chemicals, and electronics.
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23
fossil fuel
Natural resources such as coal, oil, and natural gas used as energy sources.
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24
proletariat
The working class in a capitalist society, who do not own the means of production.
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25
bourgeoisie
The middle class who own the means of production and are often in opposition to the proletariat.
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26
utopian socialism
A form of socialism that seeks to create ideal communities based on cooperative living.
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