World History Unit 4 Flashcards

Thomas Hobbes

People are naturally violent and form governments, even absolute monarchies, by giving up freedom for safety

John Locke

Argued people have natural rights and governments must protect them or be overthrown

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

People are naturally free and governments should follow the general will for the common good

Montesquieu

Argued government power should be divided into branches

Voltaire

Criticized religious intolerance and promoted equality, and freedom of belief

Cesare Beccaria

Opposed torture and the death penalty, laws should be fair and protect the innocent

Adam Smith

Self-interest in a free market leads to economic growth

Mary Wollstonecraft

Argued women should have equal education and opportunities

Congress of Vienna

a meeting of European leaders after Napoleon’s defeat to restore balance of power and maintain peace.

Nationalism

belief that people who share a common culture, language, or history should have their own independent nation.

Liberalism

political ideology that supports individual rights, equality, and representative government.

Conservatism

political ideology that emphasizes tradition, stability, and maintaining established institutions.

Greece (1830)

Greek War of Independence led to Greece gaining independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1830.

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian leader who unified Germany using war and diplomacy.

Realpolitik

political approach on practical goals and power rather than ideals or morals.

Franco-Prussian War

between France and Prussia that led to German unification.

Count Cavour

was a leader who helped unify Italy through diplomacy and alliances.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

was a revolutionary leader who used military force to unify Italy.

Papal States

territories in central Italy controlled by pope before Italian unification.