Concordia University - Bio225 Midterm #1 F23

Ectoderm

germ layer covering an embryo's surface (skin, etc.)

Endoderm

the innermost germ layer and lines the developing digestive tube, respiratory tract, etc.

Ecdysozoans

invertebrates that shed their exoskeleton through a process called ecdysis

Conformer

conforms with the environment around them, adapts behavior based on

Regulator

use internal mechanisms to moderate internal environment in face of external change

Innate immunity

a defense activated immediately upon infection

Adaptive immunity

specific recognition of pathogens, develops after exposure to agents

Phagocytosis

ingestion and digestion of foreign substances

Antigen

substances that can elicit a response to T-cells and B-cells

Antigen receptors

specific to each pathogen; where T-cells and B-cells bind

Osmoregulation

balances the uptake and loss of water and solutes

Osmolarity

total volume of solute per liter; the solute concentration of a solution determines movement of water across semipermeable membrane

Stenohaline

cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity

Euryhaline

can survive large fluctuations of external osmolarity

Antidiuretic Hormone (AHD)

released into the blood when osmolarity of blood rises above a set point

What is the purpose of the antidiuretic hormone?

it is produced to reclaim more water in the kidney

Pheromones

chemicals released into the environment (ectohormones)

Gastrulation

In animal development, a series of cell and tissue movements in which the blastula-stage embryo folds inward, producing a three-layered embryo, the gastrula.

Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus are called

T-Cells

Lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow are called

B-Cells

Lymphocytes

white blood cells

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

molecules that host proteins that display antigen fragments on cell surface

In the loop of Henle, the down track:

absorbs water through aquaporin proteins via osmosis

In the loop of Henle, the up track

absorbs NaCl into the blood via osmosis

Distal tube

regulates NaCl and K+ ion concentration in blood; also regulates pH maintaining molecules (HCO3-, H+)

Proximal tube

where reabsorption occurs (ions, water, amino acids)

Bowman's capsule

surrounds glomerulus; collects filtrate before loop of Henle

Nephron

regulate composition of blood by filtration secretion and reabsorption

Collecting Duct

carries filtrate thru medulla to renal pelvis

renal pelvis

central collecting region in the kidney

glomerulous

a cluster of capillaries around the end of a kidney tubule, where waste products are filtered from the blood.

Are exocrine glands ducted or ductless?

Ducted; carries secretions directly to body cavities

Are endocrine glands ducted or ductless?

Ductless; secretes hormones directly into surrounding fluid

Paracrine signaling

target cell is near the secreting cell

Autocrine Signaling

the target cell is also the secreting cell

What is an Ectotherm

an animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat.

What is an Endotherm

An animal that can generate its own body heat

Positive Feedback loop

feedback loop that causes a system to change further in the same direction

Negative Feedback loop

Causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving

Herbivores and Omnivores have a longer what when compared to Carnivores? (Hint: part of the digestive tract)

Alimentary Canal

Alimentary Canal

digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus

What is the body's first line of defense against disease?

the skin

Anatomy is to ________ as physiology is to ________.

Form; Function