Exam 1 Review: Transport Mechanisms and Hormonal Regulation

This set of flashcards covers key concepts related to transport mechanisms, G-proteins, and tropic hormones as discussed in the lecture notes for exam preparation.

Passive transport

Process that requires no energy; substances move across membranes from higher to lower concentration.

Active transport

Process that requires energy, often ATP, to move substances against their concentration gradient.

Simple diffusion

The movement of small or nonpolar molecules across the membrane without the need for energy.

Facilitated diffusion

The process of transporting molecules across a membrane with the assistance of proteins, without energy input.

Osmosis

The passive diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

Primary active transport

Transport mechanism that directly uses ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient.

Secondary active transport

Transport mechanism that uses the energy from the primary active transport to move other substances against their gradient.

G-proteins

Molecular switches that transmit signals from a receptor to an effector enzyme inside the cell.

Adenylate cyclase

An enzyme activated by G-proteins that converts ATP to cyclic AMP, a secondary messenger.

Guanylate cyclase

An enzyme activated by G-proteins that converts GTP to cyclic GMP, a secondary messenger.

Phospholipase C

An enzyme activated by G-proteins that cleaves phosphatidylinositol to produce inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).

Prolactin releasing hormone

Hormone that stimulates the release of prolactin from the pituitary, which promotes lactation.

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

Hormone that stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary, which regulates thyroid function.

Corticotropic releasing hormone

Hormone that stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary, affecting stress response.

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

Hormone that stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary, influencing reproductive functions.