Anatomy Lab quiz 1

Anatomical position

Stand erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at sides with palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body

Superior (cranial or cephalic)

Toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body, above

Inferior (caudal)

Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body, below

Anterior (ventral)

Toward or at the front of the body, in front of

Posterior (dorsal)

toward or at the backside of the body, behind

Medial

toward or at the midline of the body, on the inner side of

Lateral

away from the midline of the body, on the outer side of

Intermediate

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Proximal

close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial (external)

toward or at the body surface

Deep (internal)

away from the body surface, more internal

Sagittal section

Divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts

median/midsagittal section

Divides the body (or organ) into EQUAL left and right parts

Frontal/coronal section

divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse/cross section

divides the body or organ into superior and inferior parts

What is the purpose of body cavities

Provide protection to the organs within them

What are the 2 subdivisions of dorsal body cavities

Cranial cavity and spinal cavity

Cranial cavity

Houses the brain. Protected by the skull.

Spinal cavity

houses the spinal cord. Protected by the vertebrae

What are the 2 ventral body cavities

Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Thoracic cavity

Superior to the diaphragm. Houses heart, lungs, and other organs. Mediastinum (the central region) houses the heart. Protected by the rib cage.

Abdominopelvic cavity

Inferior to the diaphragm. Superior abdominal cavity contains the stomach, liver, and other organs (protected by trunk muscles). Inferior pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum (protected somewhat by the bony pelvis)

What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants?

Right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Integumentary system

Protects deeper tissue from injury, synthesizes vitamin D, location of sensory receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands.

Skeletal system

Protects and supports body organs, provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones, stores minerals.

Muscular system

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, produces heat

Nervous system

Fast acting control system of the body, responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells

Cardiovascular system

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, wastes, etc. the heart pumps blood

Lymphatic system

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood, disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream, houses white blood cells involved in immunity

Respiratory system

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide, gas exchange occurs through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

Digestive system

Breaks food down into absorbable nutrients that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces

Urinary system

Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the body, regulates water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance of the blood

Popliteal

The back of the knee

Brachial

The arm

Tarsal

The ankle

Scapular

The scapula or shoulder blade area

Cervical

The neck region

Fibular

The side of the leg

Inguinal

The groin

Coxal

The hip

Buccal

The cheek

Lumbar

The area of the back between the ribs and hips; the loin