AP World #24 Global Inequality and Terrorism

United Nations

An international organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation among countries.

General Assembly

The main deliberative assembly of the United Nations, where all member states have equal representation.

Security Council

A UN body responsible for maintaining international peace and security, consisting of 15 members, including five permanent members.

Secretariat

The administrative arm of the United Nations, led by the Secretary-General, responsible for carrying out the day-to-day work of the UN.

Peacekeeping

Activities intended to create conditions for lasting peace in areas of conflict, often involving military forces under UN mandate.

World Health Organization

A specialized agency of the UN responsible for international public health.

Doctors Without Borders

An international humanitarian organization providing medical assistance to people affected by crises.

Tiananmen Square

A city square in Beijing that became synonymous with the 1989 pro-democracy protests and subsequent government crackdown.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

An international document adopted by the UN in 1948 outlining fundamental human rights to be universally protected.

Human Rights

Basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled, such as freedom of speech and religion.

UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund)

A UN agency providing humanitarian and developmental aid to children worldwide.

Global Feminism

A movement advocating for women's rights and gender equality on a global scale.

Refugees

People who flee their country due to persecution, conflict, or violence, seeking safety in another country.

International Court of Justice

The principal judicial organ of the UN, settling legal disputes between states and giving advisory opinions.

Segregation

The enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, community, or institution.

Double V Campaign

A World War II-era campaign advocating for victory against fascism abroad and racial discrimination at home.

Rosa Parks

An American civil rights activist known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

W.E.B. Du Bois

An African American sociologist and civil rights activist who co-founded the NAACP.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

A prominent leader in the American civil rights movement known for his nonviolent protests against racial segregation.

Marcus Garvey

A Jamaican political leader, publisher, and journalist known for his promotion of Black nationalism and the Back-to-Africa movement.

Plessy v. Ferguson

An 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Brown v. Board of Education

A landmark 1954 Supreme Court case that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

A civil rights protest that lasted from 1955 to 1956 against racial segregation on the public transit system in Montgomery, Alabama.

Jim Crow

State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States.

Redlining

A discriminatory practice by which services (financial and otherwise) are withheld from potential customers in specific neighborhoods, often affecting racial minorities.

Civil Rights Act

A landmark 1964 law that prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Voting Rights Act

A 1965 legislation designed to eliminate barriers to voting for African Americans.

Citizen

A legally recognized subject or national of a state or commonwealth.

Limited citizenship

A status that may confer some rights and privileges but restricts full participation in civic life.

Stateless

Describing individuals who are not considered citizens of any country.

Apartheid

A system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa.

Pass Laws

Apartheid laws that restricted the movement of Black South Africans.

Nelson Mandela

A South African anti-apartheid revolutionary who became the country’s first Black president in 1994.

African National Congress (ANC)

The ruling party in South Africa and a key player in the struggle against apartheid.

F.W. de Klerk

The last State President of apartheid-era South Africa who worked to end apartheid and negotiate a peaceful transition.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission

A commission in South Africa set up to help heal the country and bring about a peaceful transition from apartheid.

Dalits

Historically marginalized communities in India, formerly referred to as 'untouchables,' facing discrimination and social inequality.

Me Too Movement

A movement against sexual harassment and assault, highlighting the prevalence of these issues in society.

Black Lives Matter Movement

A social movement advocating against systemic racism and violence toward Black individuals.

Occupy Movement

A progressive movement that began in 2011 focusing on social and economic inequalities, often associated with the Occupy Wall Street protests.

Battle of Seattle

A series of protests against the World Trade Organization meeting in Seattle in 1999, highlighting concerns over globalization.

Indymedia

A network of journalist collectives that provided alternative media coverage of social and political issues.

Muvimento Negro Unificado (MNU)

A Brazilian Black movement that advocates for racial equality and civil rights.

CONAIE (Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador)

An organization representing Ecuador's Indigenous people, advocating for their rights and autonomy.

Rigoberta Menchú

A K'iche' Maya woman from Guatemala and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate for her work in Indigenous rights.

World Food Program

The food assistance branch of the United Nations to combat hunger and promote food security.

Human Rights Watch

An international NGO that conducts research and advocacy on human rights.

Amnesty International

A global organization focused on human rights advocacy and fighting against injustices.

The Red Cross

An international humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance and disaster relief.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

A UN agency mandated to protect and support refugees and displaced people.

Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)

Any non-profit group that operates independently of government, often to deliver aid or engage in advocacy.

Internationalism

The principle of cooperation and understanding between nations and people across national boundaries.

Transnationalism

A social phenomenon that involves individuals maintaining, negotiating, and connecting multiple identities across national borders, rather than assimilating into a single nation-state.

Ethnic Nationalism

Nationalism based on ethnic identity, prioritizing the interests and culture of a particular ethnic group.

Pope Francis

The current Pope of the Catholic Church known for his emphasis on social a progressive social agenda and interfaith dialogue.

Desmond Tutu

A South African Anglican bishop and social rights activist known for his work in the anti-apartheid movement.

Divest

To withdraw investment from certain sectors or companies for ethical or political reasons.

Stephen Biko

A South African anti-apartheid activist who founded the Black Consciousness Movement.

Jim Crow Laws

State laws that enforced racial segregation in the South, effectively disenfranchising Black citizens.

Roma

A nomadic ethnic group originating in Northern India, often facing discrimination and marginalization in Europe.

Negritude

A literary and cultural movement stemming from French-speaking black intellectuals advocating for the value of black culture and identity.

Liberation Theology

A religious movement combining Christian principles with political activism for social justice and the rights of the poor.

Intifada

The Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation, which has occurred in two major waves.

9/11

The series of coordinated terrorist attacks carried out by al-Qaeda on September 11, 2001, against targets in the United States.

Al-Qaeda

An extremist Islamist group founded by Osama bin Laden, known for terrorist attacks worldwide.

Osama bin Laden

The founder of al-Qaeda, responsible for orchestrating numerous terrorist attacks, including 9/11.

Taliban

An Islamist militant group that governed Afghanistan and is known for its strict interpretation of Sharia law.

George W. Bush

The 43rd President of the United States (2001-2009) who initiated the War on Terror following 9/11.

Islamism

A political ideology advocating for the implementation of Islamic law in government.

Saddam Hussein

The President of Iraq from 1979 until 2003, known for his authoritarian rule and being deposed during the Iraq War.

The Gulf War

A conflict that occurred in 1990-1991 when Iraq invaded Kuwait, leading to a coalition operation to expel Iraqi forces.

Operation Enduring Freedom

The US-led military action in Afghanistan beginning in 2001 following the 9/11 attacks.

ISIS

A militant Islamic group that emerged from al-Qaeda, known for its brutal tactics and territorial claims in Iraq and Syria.

Boko Haram

An Islamist militant group based in Nigeria, known for its violent insurgency against the Nigerian government.

The Patriot Act

A United States law passed in response to the 9/11 attacks aimed at expanding law enforcement's surveillance and investigative powers.

The Department of Homeland Security

A U.S. government department established to protect the country from terrorist attacks and respond to natural disasters.

United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

A UN agency aimed at promoting peace and security through international cooperation in education, sciences, and culture.