Functional Human Anatomy Exam 2

Rutgers University FHA, specifically Rudy's Content (incomplete)

31

the number of spinal nerve pairs

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

different groups of spinal nerves

1-8

number of cervical spinal nerve pairs

1-12

number of thoracic spinal nerve pairs

1-5 (superior)

number of lumbar spinal nerve pairs

1-5 inferior

number of sacral spinal nerve pairs

1

number of coccygeal spinal nerve pairs

dorsal root

sensory fibers only

ventral root

motor fibers only

dorsal ramus of spinal nerve

sends outgoing motor signals to the back and brings in sensory information from the skin of the back, deep muscles of the back, and the joints between adjacent vertebrae

ventral ramus of spinal nerve

sends outgoing motor neuron messages and brings in sensory information (to everywhere but the posterior side of body); they form the nerve plexuses

spinal nerves

contains both sensory and motor fibers, ventral + dorsal root come together to form

nerve plexuses

networks of nerves originating from ventral rami of spinal nerves, contain both motor and sensory nerves

cervical plexus

C1-C4

lesser occipital nerve

apart of cervical plexus

greater auricular nerve

apart of cervical plexus

supraclavicular nerve

apart of cervical plexus

cranial nerves

apart of cervical plexus; as the number increases they become more posterior and inferior

transverse cervical nerve

apart of cervical plexus

ansa cervalis

apart of cervical plexus

phrenic nerve

apart of cervical plexus; provides sensory info from and innervates the diaphragm (from C4)

brachial plexus

C5-T1 (don’t forget there is a C8); provides motor innervation to muscles of arm + sensory innervation to the skin of the arm; parts- roots, trunks, divisions, cords, nerves

roots, trunks, divisions, cords, nerves

parts of brachial plexus (medial to lateral)

roots

C5-T1 (5)

trunks

superior, middle, inferior

divisions

anterior + posterior for each (6 total)

cords

lateral, posterior, medial (3 total)

axillary nerve

C5, C6, motor for deltoid and teres minor; sensory from skin of shoulder; roots from posterior cord

radial nerve

C5-T1, motor for extensor muscles of arm and forearm (triceps brachii, anconeus, extensor carpi radialis, extensor carpi ulnaris, brachioradialis, supinator digital, extensor muscle, abductor pollicis); sensory from skin over the posterolateral surface of the limb; roots from posterior cord

musculocataneous nerve

C5-C7, motor for flexor muscles of the arm; sensory from skin over lateral surface of the forearm; roots from lateral cord

median nerve

C6-T1, motor for flexor muscles of the forearm (flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus/pronator quadratus, pronatus teres, radial half of flexor digitorum profundus, digital flexors); sensory from skin over anterolateral surface of the hand; roots from lateral + medial cord

ulnar nerve

C8-T1, motor for flexor carpi ulnaris, ulnar half of of flexor digitorum profundus, adductor pollicis, and small digital muscle through deep branch; sensory from skin over medial surface of the hand through the superficial branch; roots from medial cord

nerve to subclavius 

apart of brachial plexus

dorsal scapular nerve

apart of brachial plexus

long thoracic nerve

apart of brachial plexus

suprascapular nerve

apart of brachial plexus

pectoral nerve

apart of brachial plexus; has medial and lateral

subscapular

apart of brachial plexus

thoracordorsal nerve

apart of brachial plexus

lumbar plexus

T12-L4

illiohypogastric nerve

apart of lumbar plexus

illio-inguinal nerve

apart of lumbar plexus

lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

apart of lumbar plexus

genitofemoral nerve

apart of lumbar plexus

femoral nerve

apart of lumbar plexus; L2-L4, motor for quadriceps, sartorius, pectineus, and iliopsoas

obturator nerve

apart of lumbar plexus; L2-L4; motor for gracilis, obturator externus, and adductor magnus

sacral plexus

L4-S4

superior gluteal nerve

apart of sacral plexus

inferior gluteal nerve

apart of sacral plexus

posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

apart of sacral plexus

pudenal nerve

apart of sacral plexus

sciatic nerve

motor innervation of muscles in the foot, leg, and posterior thigh and sensory for these areas; branches into tibial nerve and fibular nerve at popliteal fossa

tibial nerve

branch of sciatic nerve; innervates bottom of foot and posterior compartment of leg

fibular nerve

branch of sciatic nerve; innervates top of foot and anterior compartment of leg

popliteal fossa

where the sciatic nerve branches into tibial and fibular parts

piriformis

small deep muscle in gluteal region that can compress sciatic nerve

sciatica

impingement of sciatic nerve, causes a numbness, pain, and weakening in leg

dermatomes

an area of skin supplied by a single sensory nerve; there are significant overlaps between adjacent ones

reflex

an immediate involuntary motor action response

1st Step of Reflex Arc

stimulation and activation of receptor

2nd Step of Reflex Arc

Activation of a sensory neuron

3rd Step of Reflex Arc

information processing in CNA (in spinal cord)

4th Step of Reflex Arc

activation of a motor neuron

5th Step of Reflex Arc

response by effector (typically skeletal muscle)

Stretch Reflexes

occurs when a muscle is stretched and creates an involuntary motor response; a form of a reflex; initiated by muscle spindles

muscle spindles

sensory receptors inside of our muscles that detect when a muscle is stretched; they help prevent overstretching of a muscle and help main posture of body

dura mater

most superficial layer of meninges 

arachnoid mater

middle layer of meninges

pia mater

most deep layer of meninges

cerebrum 

control of skeletal muscles, logic, reasoning, planning, vision/speech/hearing/sensation processing

frontal lobe

controls memory, reasoning, planning, voluntary movements, and higher cognitive functioning; contains primary motor cortex

red region

parietal lobe

processes sensory information like touch; constraints primary somatosensory cortex

blue region

occipital lobe

controls visual information; constraints visual cortex

green region

temporal lobe

controls language, auditory, and smell; has auditory and olfactory cortexes

orange region

cerebral hemisphers

the 2 major halves of the brain; contralateral (the left side controls the right side of body)

longitudinal fissure

big separation between the cerebral hemispheres

corpus callosum

joins the two cerebral hemispheres together; bundles of fibers and white matter

cortex

gray matter, constraints neuronal cell bodies; outer layer of brain that covers the cerebrum

sulci

indents/groove/fissures

central sulcus

the boundary separating the frontal and parietal lobe

gyri

hills/rounded portions/raised parts

cerebellum

aka the “little brain”; controls balance, coordination and movement

mesencephalon/midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata 

parts of brainstem

pons

several cranial nerves emerge here; allows for communication between cerebrum and cerebellum; middle portion of brainstem

medulla oblongata

most inferior portion of brainstem; processes essential to cervical especially cardiovascular system impulses; joins brainstem to spinal cord

mesencephalon/midbrain 

motor pathways, alertness, vision and hearing regulation; most superior part of brainstem

diencephalon

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

epithalamus

includes pineal gland, limbic system connection to other brain regions; apart of diencephalon

pineal gland

secretes melatonin to regulate sleep cycle

thalamus

sensory information relayed here; apart of diencephalon and limbic system

hypothalamus

hormonal release, connection between nervous and endocrine systems; works with pituitary gland; apart of diencephalon and limbic system

pituitary gland

works with hypothalamus to send out regulating signals for endocrine system

basal ganglia

 a series of deeply located brain structures that coordinate movement in the body; beneath the cerebral cortex

limbic system

group of structures that regulate emotions; contains nuclei and cortical structures

thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, olfactory bulb

structures of limbic system

hippocampus

important for memory and learning; apart of limbic system

amygdala

important for memory, decision making, and emotions; a part of limbic system

olfactory bulb 

important for sense of smell; apart of limbic system

thalamus, hypothalamus, mesencephalon, pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata

structures visible in midsagittal section of brain

pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata

structures visible in coronal cut of brain