Unit 2: Macromolecules

Most organic molecules contain what that is associated with LIVING ORGANISMS

Carbon

Dehydration synthesis is used to

build or create macromolecules (WATER TAKEN OUT)

Hydrolysis is used to

BREAKDOWN a macromolecule (WATER ADDED)

This is the CHEMICAL FORMULA for

Glucose

What elements make up CARBOHYDRATES?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

What ratio does CARBS have?

1:2:1

What is the monomer of CARBS

Monosaccharide

CARBS function: (anything that ends in ose)

Short terms energy

CARBS plant structure; formed out of

CELLULOSE ( cell wall )

Exoskeleton is made of

CHITIN

Plants store glucose in the form of

Starch

Animals store glucose in the form of

Glycogen

Monomers of CARBS

Galactose, Glucose, fructose

Polymers of CARBS

Cellulose (plant structure), Glycogen and Starch

What elements make up LIPIDS?

Carbon, Hydrogen,Oxygen (FEWER O THAN C)

LIPIDS-insoluble to water ( they are )

FATS

Monomer of LIPIDS

fatty acids and glycerol

Function of LIPIDS

Long term energy storage

LIPIDS can

Cushion, insulation, protection (fat or adipose tissue)

LIPIDS structure

cell membrane made of phospholipids

POLYMER EX of lipids

Triglycerides or Fats ( body fats )

Phospholipids are what type of examples

Lipids POLYMER

Control the fluidity of the cell membrane

Cholesterol

Sex hormones regulate processes in the body ( such as pregnancy ) CHEMICAL MESSENGERS

Hormones

Supports metabolism and cell processes

Vitamins function

Saturated fats are Liquid or Solid at room temp

SOLID

SATURATED fats are good or bad for u

BAD

Saturated fats have what type of carbon bonds

Single

Unsaturated fats are solid or liquid

Liquid

Unsaturated fats are good or bad for u

Good

Unsaturated fats have what type of carbon bond

Double

Examples of Saturated fats are

Butter

Examples of Unsaturated fats

Vegetable oil

Unsaturated fats (ones with double bonds) LOOK LIKE

bent over; Unsaturated fats (double-bond) are bent

Phospholipid head is

Polar (hydrophilic); water loving

Phospholipid tail is

Non-polar (hydrophobic); water fearing

Polar means

Water loving

Non-polar means

Water fearing

Protein is the

most diverse group

Protein are made up of what elements

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Monomer of Protein

ONE of 20 different AMINO ACIDS

Polymer of PROTEIN

Polypeptide

FUNCTIONS of protein

Structure ( hair, muscles, collagen, keratin )

catalysts ( enzymes )

Examples of Protein

usually end in en most of the time

EX of Protein

Enzymes, hair, muscle, Hemoglobin (transports oxygen in the blood and stores iron), collagen

Enzymes are ( end in -ase )

protein ( that speed up chemical reactions )

Enzymes LOWER the activation energy which means

Lowering the activation energy speeds it up

Can an enzyme have multiple substrates?

No; substrates fit like a puzzle piece; The enyme is made specifically for one substrate

Can an enzyme be used over and over?

YES

Shape of the protein matter because

SHAPE=FUNCTION

3 things that can cause a enzyme to denature

PH, TEMP, Concentration

Optimum means

BEST

Organic molecules means

compounds that contain 2 or more carbons

inorganic molecules means

Compounds that do not contain carbon

What elements make up Nucleic acids?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

What are Nucleotides made up of?

base, sugar, and phosphate

What is the function of Nucleic Acids?

Store genetic information, control cell activities, makes proteins

Polymer examples of NUCLEIC ACIDS?

DNA, RNA, ATP (energy)

DNA is

double-stranded ( DOUBLE-Helix )

how is RNA stranded

single-stranded

DNA is made up of

DEOXYRIBOSE sugar, phosphate, and base

RNA is made up of

RIBOSE sugar, phosphate, and base

DNA bases pair up….

A=T C=G

RNA

A=U C=G

in Lipids what is the Monomer’s structure made of

Glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids