APUSH KTPTK

American Plan

A set of anti-union policies that employers used in the early 20th century, promoting a "closed shop" (no union membership) and attempting to keep workers from organizing

Bible Belt

A region in the Southern and Midwestern United States known for its conservative Protestant values, often associated with strong religious beliefs and resistance to certain social changes

Bolshevik Revolution

The 1917 revolution in Russia that overthrew the Russian Empire and led to the rise of the Soviet Union under the leadership of the Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Lenin

Criminal Syndicalism Laws

Laws passed in the early 20th century in the U.S. that criminalized advocacy for the violent overthrow of government, often used to suppress labor unions and radical political movements

Eighteenth Amendment

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1919) that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages, leading to Prohibition, which lasted until its repeal in 1933

Fordism

A system of mass production and consumption developed by Henry Ford, characterized by assembly line production, standardization of products, and higher wages for workers to create a broad consumer base

Fundamentalism

A religious movement, especially in Christianity, advocating a return to traditional, literal interpretations of scriptures and a resistance to modernism and secularism

Immigration Act of 1924

U.S. legislation that set quotas on the number of immigrants allowed into the country based on national origins, drastically limiting immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe

Ku Klux Klan

A white supremacist hate group in the U.S., originally formed after the Civil War, known for its violent campaigns against African Americans, Jews, Catholics, and immigrants, experiencing a resurgence in the 1920s

Racketeers

Individuals who engage in illegal activities, such as extortion, bribery, and organized crime, often as part of a larger criminal enterprise

Red Scare

A period of intense fear of communism in the United States, especially in the early 20th century, marked by widespread suspicion, political repression, and the first major anti-communist movement

Scientific Management

A theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows, aiming to improve economic efficiency and labor productivity, popularized by Frederick W. Taylor

United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

A black nationalist organization founded by Marcus Garvey in 1914, focused on promoting racial pride, economic independence, and the return of African Americans to Africa

Volstead Act

The law that provided for the enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment, establishing Prohibition in the U.S. and defining what constituted an "intoxicating beverage"

Al Capone

A notorious American gangster in the 1920s, heavily involved in bootlegging, gambling, and organized crime in Chicago. He was eventually convicted of tax evasion

Henry Ford

The founder of the Ford Motor Company and the developer of the assembly line technique of mass production, which revolutionized manufacturing and the automobile industry

Sigmund Freud

An Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a method of treating mental illness by exploring the unconscious mind, dreams, and repressed memories

Horace Kallen

A philosopher known for his advocacy of cultural pluralism, the idea that American society should embrace a diversity of cultures rather than assimilating into one dominant culture

Charles Lindbergh

An American aviator who made the first solo nonstop transatlantic flight in 1927, becoming a national hero

Mitchell Palmer

U.S. Attorney General known for his role in the Palmer Raids, which targeted suspected communists and anarchists during the Red Scare of the 1920s

Nicola Sacco

An Italian immigrant and anarchist who, along with Bartolomeo Vanzetti, was convicted of murder in a controversial trial in the 1920s, with their conviction widely seen as influenced by their political beliefs and ethnicity

John T. Scopes

A high school teacher in Tennessee who was tried in 1925 for teaching evolution, in violation of state law, in the famous "Scopes Monkey Trial"

Frederick W. Taylor

An American mechanical engineer and the father of scientific management, who sought to improve industrial efficiency through methods such as time studies and task optimization

Bartolomeo Vanzetti

An Italian immigrant and anarchist who, along with Nicola Sacco, was controversially convicted and executed for a robbery and murder in the 1920s, despite widespread doubt about their guilt

Randolph Bourne

An American writer and social critic who advocated for cultural pluralism and opposed the U.S. involvement in World War I, arguing that it would harm American democracy

Adkins v. Children’s Hospital

A 1923 Supreme Court case that struck down a minimum wage law for women in the District of Columbia, asserting that it violated the freedom of contract

Nine-Power Treaty

An agreement signed in 1922 by nine nations that affirmed the Open Door policy in China and pledged to respect China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity

Agricultural Marketing Act

A 1929 law that created the Federal Farm Board to help farmers stabilize crop prices and manage surpluses

Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law

A 1922 law that raised tariffs on imported goods, aimed at protecting U.S. industries but leading to retaliatory tariffs and contributing to global economic tensions

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

A 1930 law that raised U.S. tariffs on imported goods to historically high levels, exacerbating the Great Depression by reducing international trade

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929, the day the U.S. stock market crashed, marking the beginning of the Great Depression

Hoovervilles

Shantytowns built by homeless people during the Great Depression, named derisively after President Herbert Hoover, who was blamed for the economic crisis

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

A government agency created in 1932 to provide financial support to banks, businesses, and railroads during the Great Depression

Bonus Army

A group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington in 1932 to demand early payment of bonuses promised to them, leading to violent clashes with the military

Warren G. Harding

The 29th President of the U.S. (1921–1923), known for his pro-business policies, but his presidency was marred by scandals, such as the Teapot Dome scandal

Calvin Coolidge

The 30th President of the U.S. (1923–1929), known for his conservative economic policies, support for business, and his belief in limited government intervention

John W. Davis

A U.S. lawyer and politician who was the Democratic candidate for president in 1924, losing to Calvin Coolidge

Brain Trust

A group of academic advisors and experts who advised President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the early years of his presidency, especially in shaping New Deal policies

New Deal

A series of programs and reforms enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Great Depression, aimed at relief, recovery, and reform

First Hundred Days

The first three months of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency (1933), during which he implemented a flurry of legislative reforms to address the Great Depression

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act

A 1933 law that separated commercial banking from investment banking and established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to protect depositors

Civilian Conservation Corps

A New Deal program that provided employment for young, unmarried men to work on public works projects, such as reforestation, soil conservation, and flood control

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

A New Deal agency that aimed to stimulate industrial recovery by establishing codes of fair competition, regulating prices, and setting wages

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

A New Deal agency created to help farmers by raising crop prices through paying them to reduce production, thus reducing surpluses

Dust Bowl

A severe drought and series of dust storms in the 1930s that devastated the Great Plains, displacing many farmers and exacerbating the economic hardship of the Great Depression

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A New Deal program that built dams and hydroelectric plants in the Tennessee Valley to provide power, control flooding, and promote economic development

Social Security Act

A 1935 law that created a system of retirement benefits, unemployment insurance, and assistance for the disabled and dependent children

Wagner Act

A 1935 law that protected workers' rights to organize unions and engage in collective bargaining, significantly strengthening labor unions

Fair Labor Standards Act

A 1938 law that set minimum wage, maximum work hours, and child labor restrictions to protect workers' rights

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

A federation of labor unions in the U.S. that was founded in 1935 and focused on organizing workers in industrial unions, such as those in steel, auto, and manufacturing industries

Court-Packing Plan

A proposal by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937 to expand the U.S. Supreme Court by adding justices who would support his New Deal programs, which was met with significant opposition

Keynesianism

An economic theory developed by John Maynard Keynes that advocates for government intervention in the economy, particularly during recessions, to stimulate demand and reduce unemployment

FDR

Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the U.S. (1933–1945), who led the country through the Great Depression and World War II, and is known for his New Deal programs

Eleanor Roosevelt

The wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt and First Lady of the U.S. (1933–1945), known for her activism in civil rights, women's rights, and humanitarian efforts

Father Charles Coughlin

A controversial Catholic priest and radio host in the 1930s who criticized Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal and became known for his populist and, later, anti-Semitic views

Huey Long

A Louisiana politician and populist who served as governor and U.S. senator in the 1920s and 1930s, advocating for wealth redistribution and a "Share Our Wealth" program before his assassination in 1935

Robert F. Wagner

A U.S. Senator from New York who played a key role in the passage of the Wagner Act, which supported labor rights and the expansion of unions