Horticulture exam 1

What is horticulture?

Horticulture is the cultivation and management of plants for practical and aesthetic purposes. Activities include planting, pruning, fertilizing, and harvesting, as well as studying plant diseases and improving growth.

what are the health benefits of gardening?

It can relieve stress, burn calories, and lower blood pressure

what is agronomy?

Study of agricultural science and practices, focusing on crop production, soil management, and sustainable farming techniques.

olericulture

The study of vegetable cultivation and production

pomology

The study of fruits, including their cultivation, production, and post-harvest management.

viticulture

Grapevine cultivation for wine production involves studying grape varieties, vineyard management, and grape harvesting and winemaking processes.

aboriculture

the cultivation and management of trees and shrubs

floriculture

The cultivation and management of flowering plants for commercial purposes, such as cut flowers and ornamental plants.

nursery production

The process of growing and propagating plants in specialized facilities called nurseries

landscape/ environmental horticulture

The study and practice of designing, installing, and maintaining outdoor spaces, including gardens, parks, and landscapes, with a focus on enhancing the environment and promoting sustainability

taxonomy

The classification of organisms based on their characteristics and relationships

spermatophyte

A type of plant that reproduces using seeds, which are produced in structures called cones or flowers. They include gymnosperms (conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants).

what is the difference between an angiosperm and gymnosperm?

Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce fruits and seeds enclosed in a protective ovary. Gymnosperms are non-flowering plants that bear uncovered seeds, usually in cones.

What is the difference between a Monocot and dicot?

Monocot: Flowering plant with one seed leaf, parallel veins, scattered vascular bundles, fibrous roots, and floral parts in multiples of three.
Dicot: Flowering plant with two seed leaves, net-like veins, ring-shaped vascular bundles, taproots, and floral parts in multiples of four or five.

What is the difference between sympetalae and chloripetalae flowers?

Sympetalae flowers have fused petals, forming a single corolla, while chloripetalae flowers have separate petals.

What is biennial, perennial, and annual?

Annual plants live for one growth season (corn, watermelons, wheat), perennial live for more than 2 (ex. Basil, strawberry), and biennials live for only 2 (flowers), Winter annuals live for the winter season and summer annuals live for the summer.

whats the difference between a tree and a shrub?

“Trees are woody, perennial plants that have one central stem, are generally more than 12 feet in height, and normally have a distinct head. Shrubs are woody, perennial plants that have a number of stems usually produced from near the soil line of the plant.

levels of organization of plants?

whole plant, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, macromolecules

what are the three vegetative organs of a plant?

root, stem, leaf

monocot vs dicot leaf?

monocot= straight and long, dicot= complex and veiny

layers of a leaf

upper epidermis, palisade layer (with chloroplasts), vascular bundle (xylem, phloem, bundle sheath), lower epidermis, cuticle

what is a stoma? what regulates the opening and closing of the stomata?

stoma are pores on the surface of the aerial parts of most higher plants. guard cells control the openings.

shade and sun growth plants differences

shade grown = more pliable and thin, sun grown = thicker and tough

study this leaf!!

what are opposite, whorled, and alternate leaves?

opposite= diagonal leaves, whorled = leaves coming from one node, alternate = alternating leaves on stem

whats the difference between compound and single leaves?

compound = many leaflets coming from one leaf, single = just one leaf

what are the functions of leaves?

photosynthesis, transpiration, and protection

palmately and pinnately leaf difference?

palmately = more complex (looks like a maple leaf), pinnately = simple (looks like a feather)

study the stem diagram!!

functions of a stem

transports water and nutrients up from the roots all the way to the leaves, and the stem transports sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant

examples of modified stems?

crowns= leaf and flower buds on compressed stem, stolons= stems that grow horizontally above ground, spurs= tiny tree branches that grow flowers/ fruit

primary vs secondary growth?

primary growth = mainly used for plants to get longer and grow more limbs, secondary= mainly for growing thicker each year (trees)

what are rings in trees made of?

xylem formed by the vascular cambium during one growing season

study this secondary growth diagram of a woody dicot!!

monocot vs. dicot cross section anatomy in primary growth differences

monocot = phloem and xylem are scattered, dicot= phloem and xylem are orderly and in a circle around the pith

tap root vs fibrous root

tap = one large root (carrot), fibrous = lots of roots and produce is above ground

root hairs and where they arise from?

tubular extensions of epidermal cells that increase surface area of root

where are vascular bundles?

inside cortex and epidermis

levels of taxonomic classifications =

domain, kingdom, phylum/ division, class, order, family, genus, species

who invented the system of binomial nomenclature?

Carl Von Linne/ Linnaeus

what is the difference between a variety and a cultivar?

varieties occur naturally and cultivars are man-made

study this flower diagram!!

what is the difference between a male and female flower?

female flowers grow fruits and male flowers produce pollen. females have an ovary, style, and stigma. males have an anther and filament

perfect and imperfect flowers

perfect= both male and female parts = either male or female

complete and incomplete flowers

no stamens = incomplete, yes stamens = complete

monoecious and dioecious?

monoecious = both staminate and pistilate occur on the same plant, dioecious = two separate plants

monocot and dicot flowers physical differences

monocot = flower petals divisible by 3, dicot = flower petals divisible by 5

how do flowers fruit and seed?

once pollen gets to the ovary within the flower, the ovary develops into a fruit. the ovules inside the ovary develop into seeds inside of the fruit

study this diagram about monocot vs dicot seeds!!

spike inflorescence

flowers form along a single stem in a line

raceme inflorescence

each flower has its own stem and is organized and equal on each side

panicle inflorescence

flowers form on their own stems and have smaller pedicels branching off where the flowers form

corymb inflorescence

flowers grow in bunches at the top of each stem

cyme inflorescence

usually broad and flat topped, usually growing in 3’s

umbel inflorescence

flowers grow in spherical bundles on the top of the stem

difference between meristematic and non-meristematic tissues?

meristematic= cell division becoming permanent growth, non-meristematic= no cell division growth

what are the 3 non-meristematic tissues?

dermal, vascular, ground/ fundamental

where is dermal tissue and what purpose does it serve?

found on the outer layer of stems, roots, and leaves. protects plant from infection, environment, and mechanical stress. it also regulates water and gas exchange. ex.) epidermis and periderm

what is the vascular tissue system?

plumbing system of the plant and allows water, minerals and dissolved sugars from photosynthesis to pass through roots, stems, leaves and other parts. ex.) veins on leaves, vascular bundles in stems, vascular stele in roots

what are the differences between xylem and phloem in plants?

the xylem system distributes water and dissolves minerals upward through the plant, from the roots to the leaves. The phloem carries food downward from the leaves to the roots

what is ground/ fundamental tissue?

Tissues not considered dermal or vascular are notes as ground tissue. function- storage, support, filler tissue and site of photosynthesis