APUSH A/B IDs 1-8 [A/B Separated]

A and B sentences are separated.

Christopher Columbus

(A) An Italian explorer who “discovered” the Americas in 1492 while looking for a western sea-route to Asia.

(B) His expedition allowed for European colonization of the Americas, eventually leading to the formation of the United States of America.

Hernan Cortes

(A) A Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire in modern-day Mexico City in order to claim it as a Spanish colony and acquire wealth.

(B) The conquest of the Aztecs fueled further Spanish colonization in the Americas leading to the conquest of other civilizations such as the Incas.

encomienda

(A) A labor system established in Latin America by the Spanish for the Natives in the 16th and 17th centuries to obtain free labor in exchange for protection and Christianization.

(B) This system illustrates how Europeans used religion to justify their cruelty and exploitation toward Natives.

Malinche

(A) An Aztec woman who was forced to serve as a translator and a guide for Hernan Cortes, aiding in his conquest of the Aztec Empire in Tenochtitlan.

(B) Her guidance allowed Cortes to easily conquer the Aztec Empire, and similar translators allowed conquistadores to topple great civilizations without much difficulty.

Barbados Code

(A) A set of harsh rules regarding slaves in the Caribbean islands in 1661 to give plantation owners absolute control over them.

(B) The later adoption of slave codes in the American colonies, which severely restricted the rights of slaves were based on the Barbados Code.

Powhatan

(A) A Native American chief who negotiated with the earliest colonists near Jamestown in the early seventeenth century as they settled close to his land.

(B) His defiance and need to assert dominance reflects the common need among most Native Americans to assert their boundaries and preserve their land as English colonists quickly encroached upon their territory. This also led to the Anglo-Powhatan Wars after a short period of friendly relations.

Act of Toleration

(A) Religious statute passed by Maryland in 1649 that granted toleration to all Christians, regardless of denomination.

(B) This choice represents the grace and need of Catholics to preserve their religion as well as the religious diversity of the colonies.

John Rolfe

(A) The husband of Pocahontas and a key figure in the tobacco industry of Virginia who discovered effective cultivation methods to ensure economic growth.

(B) His contributions revitalized Virginia’s economy and solidified tobacco as its staple crop.

Virginia Company

(A) The corporation that led to the creation of the Virginia colony in the early seventeenth century to raise cash crops.

(B) This corporate venture represents the first successful colony of England in the Americas and the economic importance of these colonies to the mother country.

Roger Williams

(A) A separatist minister who was exiled for criticizing the religious stance of the government and then colonized the Rhode Island area to create a place that would tolerate his religious views.

(B) He represents the religious diversity in the colonies and some of the ways new colonies were created.

King Philip’s War

(A) A pan-Indian war led by the Wampanoag chief Metacom, the son of Massasoit against the Puritans in the New England colonies, in an effort to prevent increasing Puritan expansion and encroachment.

(B) The war was the last unified opposition to English settlements in New England, allowing increased settlements in the future.

Dominion of New England

(A) An administrative union combining New England and middle colonies created by King James II and governed by Edmund Andros in an effort to centralize royal control.

(B) The establishment of this union signifies the King’s desire for greater control of his colonies as they rebelled against English policies.

New Amsterdam

(A) A Dutch settlement in the 17th century at Manhattan Island established by the Dutch West India Company for commercial interests.

(B) The Dutch settlement was established to control and protect the Dutch fur trading network that became a major trading hub.

Bible Commonwealth

(A) A political system that was seen in Puritan colonies like Massachusetts where governments were based on Biblical ideas and political power limited to church members to mirror Calvinist theology.

(B) The political system demonstrates the level of influence Christianity, specifically Calvinist and Puritan ideas, had on English colonies’ government and society.

Salem Witch Trials

(A) A series of allegations and prosecutions of witchcraft against many women, leading to imprisonment and executions in colonial Massachusetts beginning in 1692, as a result of social and religious tensions.

(B) The prosecution signifies the increasing social stratification in the colonies due to a growing market economy.

Poor Richard’s Almanack

(A) A yearly almanac published by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia, made to inform American readers about witty sayings, proverbs, and house tips.

(B) The almanac reflected and shaped American values, creating a colonial identity that would aid in the American Revolution.

Harvard

(A) The first college founded in the US in 1636, established in Massachusetts in order to train effective ministers.

(B) The founding of establishments such as Harvard illustrates the importance of religion in Puritan society.

Jonathan Edwards

(A) A religious reformer who sparked the Great Awakening across the thirteen colonies in an attempt to revive religion and introduce unorthodox topics and beliefs.

(B) His spark of the Great Awakening led to the unification of American people through the revival of religion, which led to cooperation against the British.

Regulators

(A) A group of backcountry settlers in North Carolina who organized a movement to protest corrupt colonial officials, excessive taxation, etc.

(B) The movement of these people unified North Carolina highlighted the growing spirit of resistance toward authority, which would later be expressed against the British, leading to the American Revolution.

Quebec Act

(A) An act passed in 1774 by the British Parliament that extended the province of Quebec to the Ohio River Valley and granted religious freedom to Catholics in order to appease the French population in Quebec.

(B) This angered land speculators and other colonists because the act prohibited westward expansion.

Baron von Steuben

(A) A Prussian genius drillmaster who imparted vital battle knowledge and experience on the Americans in the Revolutionary War.

(B) His vast tactical understanding helped whip up the disorganized and inexperienced soldiers into shape for battle against professional British troops.

Whigs

(A) A British political group in the eighteenth century that believed that the monarchy was corrupt.

(B) Their radical beliefs helped to shape the political beliefs of the American colonies.

Saratoga

(A) A key battle of the War for Independence in New York in 1777, fought by the colonists in a hope to recapture land taken by the British and the British led by blundering Burgoyne.

(B) It was a major victory for the Americans, which restored their morale and gave access to military aid from the French.

Boston Tea Party

(A) A rebellious protest led by the colonists to protest British taxation at the Boston Harbor in 1773, in which colonists dressed as Indians dumped over 300 chests of tea into the ocean.

(B) It represents a major step in colonial resistance and sparked the Intolerable Acts, which brought the colonies closer to declaring independence.

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

(A) A treaty signed in 1784 by the Americans and the part of the Iroquois who supported the British in which Iroquois land was ceded due to increased marginalization and encroachment.

(B) This reflects continued marginalization and encroachment on Indian territory and the first treaty signed with an Indian nation by the United States.

William Pitt

(A) An English statesman, also known as the “Organizer of Victory,” whose brilliant strategy allowed the British to win the Seven Years War against the French in North America, as he aimed to conquer specific forts that would give Britain the advantage.

(B) His strategy and organizing of British victory were significant in the French losing their North American holdings, but also the incurring of debts and gaining of lands for the British.

Townshend Acts

(A) A series of acts passed for the American colonies that were championed by Charles Townshend that taxed imports of paper, glass, tea, and paint in 1767 in order to raise revenue for Britain.

(B) These acts led to the increase of colonial resentment, as they were seen as an abuse of power by colonists, escalating tensions.

Proclamation of 1763

(A) An order in 1763, after the Seven Years War, passed by the Privy Council of England barring any colonial settlements west of the Alleghenies in an effort to prevent conflict with Native Americans.

(B) The order led to colonial outrage, as it prevented colonists from expanding westward and prevented land speculators from buying and reselling land to others.

Pocahontas

(A) A Native American woman who was the daughter of Powhatan of the Powhatan peoples near Jamestown, Virginia who married John Rolfe in order to end the First Anglo-Powhatan Wars.

(B) She was instrumental in peaceful relations between the Jamestown colonists and the Powhatans as a result of her marriage with John Rolfe, illustrating a rare example of English interracial relationships.

Quebec (battle)

(A) A decisive battle that ended in a British victory of the Seven Years War on the Plains of Abraham where Generals Wolfe and Montcalm were killed, that led to the British conquest of Canada.

(B) The battle eventually served as a marker of what was to come for New France, as it secured British dominance in North America and paved the way for the Treaty of Paris, ending the Seven Years War.