Western Civ Chapter 23 Content

Technological advances in Europe during the last days of the nineteenth century, matched by new manufacturing techniques and new sources of power, including electricity and petroleum-based power, were part of the

second industrial revolution.

In the space of a single generation at the end of the nineteenth century, ________ population grew by half.

Germany's

Limited-liability laws of the nineteenth century

ensured that stockholders would lose only the value of their shares in the event of bankruptcy.

At the moments of economic downturn, the _____ prevented European nations from stimulating their economies through inflationary monetary practice.

gold standard

Which political party was the most successful model of the Marxist Party in the late nineteenth century?

German Social Democratic Party

Between 1875 and 1905, the German Social Democratic Party

was the largest and best organized worker's party in the world.

By the early twentieth century, many European socialists were beginning to doubt some of the core assumptions of Marxist doctrine. In Germany, these "revisionists" were led by

Eduard Bernstein.

By 1884, Germany, France, and Britain had extended voting rights relatively broadly, but even in those countries, ________ as a group continued to be denied the vote.

women

The British suffragist ________ was the founder of the Woman's Social and Political Union (WSPU), an organization that adopted tactics of militancy and civil disobedience.

Emmeline Pankhurst

________ was the first country to admit women to medical schools for training as medical doctors.

Switzerland

With the rise of the "New Woman," conservative women such as Octavia Hill called on women to

"Temper this wild struggle for place and power."

The Paris Commune obtained its greatest support from the

workers of Paris.

European liberal politics of the mid-nineteenth century relied on ________ for power.

a balance between middle-class interests and those of the traditional elites

The ________ was the most transformative event in France during the second half of the nineteenth century in that it ended the Second Republic and helped create a unified Germany.

Franco-Prussian War

France's Third Republic

witnessed the rise of new forms of right-wing politics.

The Third Republic in France was shaken in 1894 by the "Dreyfus Affair," which saw the rise of ________ in French society.

anti-Semitism

Published in 1903 and 1905, The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion

was forged by the Russian secret police and detailed a Jewish plot to dominate the world.

Bismarck enacted several social reforms, including sickness insurance, because

he wanted to win the loyalty of the German working class.

The Kulturkampf of Otto von Bismarck was a campaign waged against the

Catholics.

In the years from 1867 to 1914

trade unions and socialist societies combined to create the Labour Party.

In the 1880s and 1890s, Russia launched a program of industrialization that made it the world's ________ largest economy by the early twentieth century.

fifth

Tsar Alexander II

was assassinated in spite of his decision to free the serfs.

Under the Russian tsar Nicholas II, Russification

extended the language and culture of Greater Russia over the empire's non-Russian subjects.

In 1903, the Russian Social Democratic Party leadership

broke into two parties, one calling for a strong centralized party of active revolutionaries.

The revolution of 1905 in Russia was caused by

Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War.

Until the Russo-Japanese War, ordinary Russians continued to believe that the tsar was their “Little Father” and would do what he could to aid them in their lives. This trust was shaken on January 22, 1905, a date later referred to as

"Bloody Sunday."

As a result of the 1905 revolution, Tsar Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto, which

guaranteed individual liberties and more liberal franchise for the election of a Duma.

In 1909, the Young Turks deposed the sultan and replaced him with his brother

Mehmed V.

The "Young Turks"

were a group of educated Turks, who, in 1908, forced the Turkish sultan to establish a constitutional government.

In his groundbreaking publication of 1859, Charles Darwin dealt with the natural world and developed his theory of evolution occurring by means of natural selection. That book is entitled

On the Origin of the Species.

________ embraced the idea of Social Darwinism as a way to rationalize imperialist expansion and warfare, in addition to racial hierarchy.

Nationalists

Conditioning, as developed by Ivan Pavlov, became a part of the psychological school of

behaviorism.

Sigmund Freud argued that mental disorders are caused by

a conflict between natural drives and cultural restraints.

The nineteenth-century philosopher ________ categorically denied the possibility of knowing truth or reality, arguing instead that all knowledge was filtered through linguistic, scientific, or artistic systems of representation.

Friedrich Nietzsche

Friedrich Nietzsche believed that human beings must become "supermen" and

transcend the bounds of cultural conformity.

In response to the growing materialism and free thought in the world, Pope Pius IX issued the

Syllabus of Errors.

By 1850, roughly ________ of Europe was literate.

50 percent

Which of these nineteenth century authors is mismatched with a title?

Zola—Crime and Punishment

Although a few challenges to representational art had occurred earlier, the first significant break emerged in France with the

impressionists.

The French painter ________ was recognized for his transformation of art into a vehicle for an artist's self-expression.

Paul Cézanne

The artistic movement known as futurism was introduced to Europe by

F.T. Marinetti.

Many Europeans who had grown up from 1870 to 1914 and lived through the First World War viewed the prewar period as

a golden age of European civilization.

As a result of the demand for labor caused by rapidly developing economies in Europe before the First World War,

there were few limitations on the mobility of peoples who traveled between countries and even continents in search of work.

The almost universal adoption of ________ helped make global trade possible by making currency exchanges predictable and safe.

the gold standard

To a greater extent than other nations, Britain relied on ________ exports, making London the money market of the world.

invisible

By the end of the nineteenth century, as literacy rates increased, the cost of newspapers decreased and publishers sought to increase readership by

mixing sensationalism and entertainment with the news.

Nineteenth-century novels

focused on the lives of ordinary people.

The British novelist ________ often had his work published in installments in the penny press, which increased his readership.

Charles Dickens

________ involved a number of different and sometimes contradictory theories and practices that shaped artistic forms and aesthetic values including a new idea of what art could do that emphasized expression over representation.

Modernism

British philosopher Herbert Spencer's phrase "survival of the fittest" described what worldview that became prominent among many in Europe and America?

Social Darwinism

When the Mensheviks regained control of the Social Democratic Party, ________ broke away with a splinter group of Bolsheviks.

Vladimir Lenin

Women's rights advocates first focused on winning educational opportunities and legal reforms. The next major goal was

female suffrage.

Educational opportunities for women helped the advancement of science. For example, ________ became a professor of physics at the Faculty of Sciences of Paris in 1906 and eventually won two Nobel prizes.

Marie Curie

In founding the art movement called futurism, Marinetti was rebelling against

the conservatism of Italian culture.

Britain and ______ became leaders in the field of efficient production of consumer goods.

Germany

The enactment and improvements made in limited liability laws

attracted many middle-class men and women to investment in corporations.

Prior to World War I, European nations

controlled trade through tariffs but labor was relatively mobile.

Socialist movements in the 1860s and 1870s

pushed for an expansion of voting rights.

Anarchists and syndicalists

rejected parliamentary politics.

Compared to Marxist doctrine, Eduard Bernstein would be classified as

more moderate.

Laws enacted in France in 1884 and 1910 gave Frenchwomen the right to

divorce their husbands.

Swiss universities and medical schools began to admit women in what decade?

1860s

The Dreyfus Affair fueled the flames of _____ in France.

antisemitism

How were delegates chosen for the upper house of Germany's parliament, the Bundesrat?

They were appointed.

What event most likely delayed the prospect of a British civil war?

First World War

The Ottomans lost significant territory in North Africa, including Algeria, Tunisia, and Tripoli, when their empire was annexed by

France, Britain, and Italy.

One reason why the work of Darwin threatened Christian leaders was that Darwin

did not believe in notions of good or bad, just the ability to survive.

Which Norwegian painter claimed that "art is the opposite of nature"?

Edvard Munch